Pain Management: Opioids and Adjuvants

What is the most common cause of death in acute opioid overdose?

Respiratory depression

What is the effect of increased Pco2 on cerebrovascular vessels?

Vasodilation

Why are opioids usually contraindicated in severe brain injury?

They can increase intracranial pressure

What is the mechanism of antitussive properties of morphine and codeine?

Suppression of the cough reflex by unknown mechanisms Signup and view all the answers

Why do opioids cause pinpoint pupils?8j

Stimulation of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of opioids on the cardiovascular system?

No effect on the cardiovascular system Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of morphine on the gut?

It decreases motility and increases tone of smooth muscle Signup and view all the answers

What is a contraindication for the use of opioids?

Biliary colic due to gallstones Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of morphine on the ureter?

It decreases ureteric spasm Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following opioids does not release histamine?

Fentanyl Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of morphine on the anal sphincter?

It increases the tone of the anal sphincter Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of morphine on labor?

It prolongs labor Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of methadone in the management of opioid dependence?

To treat opioid withdrawal states Signup and view all the answers

Why is morphine not usually given orally?

Due to its slow absorption from the GIT Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary route of excretion of morphine conjugates?

Urine Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of morphine on infants born to addicted mothers?

They exhibit withdrawal symptoms if opioids are not administered Signup and view all the answers

Why do elderly patients require lower doses of morphine?

Due to their decreased metabolism, decreased lean body mass, and renal function Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following opioids is the least lipophilic?

Morphine Signup and view all the answers

What type of pain do nonopioids, such as NSAIDs and Paracetamol, are useful in treating?

Nociceptive pain Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of adjuvants?

Antiepileptic effect Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for any substance that produces morphine-like effects that are blocked by antagonists?

Opioid Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of opioids?

To relieve severe pain Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for compounds such as morphine and codeine that are found in the opium poppy?

Opiate Signup and view all the answers

What type of receptors do opioids bind to?

Gi-protein-coupled receptors Signup and view all the answers

What is a contraindication for the use of morphine in neonates?

Low conjugating capacity Signup and view all the answers

What is a serious adverse effect of morphine in patients with head injuries?

Elevation of intracranial pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of tolerance to morphine?

It does not develop to the miosis and constipation Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of cross-tolerance between opioids?

It occurs between drugs acting on the same receptor Signup and view all the answers

What is a symptom of withdrawal from morphine?

Yawning Signup and view all the answers

What is the receptor binding profile of meperidine?

Binding particularly to mu receptors Signup and view all the answers