Questions and Answers
Which type of pain lasts 3 months or longer?
Chronic pain
What is the process of encoding and processing noxious stimuli via specialized sensory receptors called?
Nociception
Which concept refers to the least amount of stimuli needed to label a sensation as pain?
Pain threshold
What is the pain intensity scale range, from no pain to worst possible pain?
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According to the gate control theory, what does the spinal cord contain that can block or allow pain signals to reach the brain?
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What is the first step in the World Health Organization's analgesic ladder for pain management?
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Which nursing diagnosis is NOT related to pain management?
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What is the antidote for opioid overdose?
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Which route of opioid administration involves injecting directly into the spinal canal?
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What type of therapy involves injecting a local anesthetic to interrupt nerve pathways?
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Study Notes
- Pain is defined as an unpleasant and highly personal experience, with the best definition being whatever the person says it is.
- Pain is considered the fifth vital sign, and routine pain assessment is important for optimal pain control.
- Pain can be classified based on location, duration, intensity, and etiology.
- Acute pain lasts through the expected recovery period, while chronic pain lasts 3 months or longer and can result in chronic pain development.
- Pain intensity is classified using a scale from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst possible pain), with different outcomes associated with different pain levels.
- Types of pain based on etiology include nociceptic pain (tissue damage) and neuropathic pain (nerve damage).
- Pain threshold is the least amount of stimuli needed to label a sensation as pain, while pain tolerance is the maximum amount of pain one can withstand.
- Various concepts associated with pain include hyperalgesia, hyperpathia, allodynia, dysesthesia, intractable pain, sensitization, and wind-up phenomenon.
- Nociception is the process of encoding and processing noxious stimuli via specialized sensory receptors called nociceptors.
- The gate control theory suggests that the spinal cord contains gates that can block or allow pain signals to reach the brain.
- Factors influencing pain perception include ethnic and cultural values, developmental stages, environmental factors, previous pain experiences, and the meaning of pain.
- Accurate pain assessment is crucial for effective pain management and involves obtaining a pain history, observing behavioral responses, and using tools like pain rating scales.
- Nursing diagnoses related to pain include acute pain, chronic pain, ineffective coping, impaired physical mobility, and deficient knowledge on pain control measures.
- Pharmacologic pain management includes opioids, non-opioids (NSAIDs, acetaminophen), and co-analgesics to alleviate pain.
- The World Health Organization's analgesic ladder provides a three-step approach for aligning the proper analgesic with the intensity of pain, starting with mild pain management.- Three-step analgesic ladder by the World Health Organization for pain management: non-opioids for mild pain, opioids for moderate pain like hydrocodone, and stronger opioids like morphine for severe pain.
- Common side effects of opioids: constipation, nausea, vomiting, sedation, respiratory depression, urinary retention.
- Routes for opioid administration include oral, transnasal, transdermal, rectal, intravenous, intramuscular, epidural, intrathecal, and more.
- Naloxone (Narcan) is the antidote for opioid overdose and should be available for clients receiving opioids, especially in epidural infusion.
- Patient-controlled analgesia allows clients to self-administer analgesics intravenously, commonly used in post-operative pain management when oral intake is not possible.
- Non-pharmacologic pain management includes physical modalities like massage, heat/cold therapy, acupressure, and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS).
- Cognitive-behavioral interventions aim to reduce pain perception and optimize functioning through distraction, relaxation response, re-patterning of thoughts, and coping strategies.
- Nerve blocks are a non-pharmacologic invasive therapy involving injecting a local anesthetic to interrupt nerve pathways, commonly used in dental procedures to alleviate pain.
