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Questions and Answers
What is the purpose of using vacuum distillation?
Which of the following best describes lyophilization?
Under what conditions will water sublime according to the content provided?
What is considered to be a commercial definition of freeze drying?
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Which of the following is NOT a reason to use vacuum distillation?
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What is volatilization?
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What is the primary goal of distillation?
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What technique is used to separate miscible liquids with close boiling points?
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What method can convert a solid to a gas using a strong acid?
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What type of distillation requires a fractionating column?
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In the moisture determination example, what was the combined weight before reaching constant weight?
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Which of the following is NOT a method of volatilization?
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What type of distillation is specifically useful for liquids with high boiling points?
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Study Notes
Volatilization
- Volatilization involves converting solids or liquids into gases through various methods.
- Methods include heating (e.g., NH4NO3 to N2 and H2O), displacing weaker acids/bases with stronger ones (e.g., CaCO3 with HCl), oxidation (e.g., burning sulfides to SO2), and reduction to form hydrides (e.g., AsH3).
Moisture Determination
- Example calculation for moisture percentage:
- Empty aluminum dish: 1.9593 g
- Dish + sample: 2.8410 g
- After constant weight: 2.7555 g
- Calculate % moisture using these weights.
Distillation
- Distillation separates vapor from a liquid through heating and subsequent condensation.
Simple Distillation
- Involves heating a liquid, vaporizing it, and cooling the vapor to collect as liquid.
- Example: Separating water from sea salts.
Fractional Distillation
- Utilized for separating miscible, volatile liquids with close boiling points.
- Requires a fractionating column for repeated evaporation and condensation.
Vacuum Distillation
- Reduces atmospheric pressure to decrease heating temperatures.
- Prevents polymerization and decomposition of heat-sensitive compounds.
Lyophilization (Freeze-Drying)
- Sublimation process removes water from frozen samples without passing through a liquid phase.
- Ideal for heat-sensitive materials that could be damaged by conventional drying.
- Process: freeze sample, apply vacuum for sublimation to occur without melting.
- Water can sublime below 0 °C and pressures under 4.57 torr, commercially classified if operating below 100 Pa (0.75 torr).
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