P Block Elements: General Properties and Groups

P Block Elements

General Properties

• Located in groups 13 to 18 of the periodic table
• Outermost energy level has 3s and 3p orbitals
• Can exhibit multiple oxidation states due to the presence of d-orbitals

Group 13 (Boron Group)

• Consists of boron (B), aluminium (Al), gallium (Ga), indium (In), and thallium (Tl)
• Exhibit +3 oxidation state, except for thallium which exhibits +1 and +3
• Boron is a metalloid, while others are metals

Group 14 (Carbon Group)

• Consists of carbon (C), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), tin (Sn), and lead (Pb)
• Exhibit +4 oxidation state, except for carbon which exhibits -4, +2, and +4
• Carbon is a non-metal, silicon and germanium are metalloids, while tin and lead are metals

Group 15 (Nitrogen Group)

• Consists of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), and bismuth (Bi)
• Exhibit -3, +3, and +5 oxidation states
• Nitrogen and phosphorus are non-metals, arsenic and antimony are metalloids, while bismuth is a metal

Group 16 (Chalcogens)

• Consists of oxygen (O), sulfur (S), selenium (Se), tellurium (Te), and polonium (Po)
• Exhibit -2, +2, +4, and +6 oxidation states
• Oxygen and sulfur are non-metals, selenium and tellurium are metalloids, while polonium is a metal

Group 17 (Halogens)

• Consists of fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), and astatine (At)
• Exhibit -1 oxidation state, except for fluorine which exhibits -1 and +1
• All are non-metals

Group 18 (Noble Gases)

• Consists of helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), and radon (Rn)
• Exhibit 0 oxidation state, except for xenon which exhibits +2, +4, and +6
• All are non-metals and unreactive gases

P Block Elements

• P block elements are located in groups 13 to 18 of the periodic table.
• They have outermost energy levels with 3s and 3p orbitals.
• The presence of d-orbitals allows them to exhibit multiple oxidation states.

Group 13 (Boron Group)

• The group consists of boron (B), aluminium (Al), gallium (Ga), indium (In), and thallium (Tl).
• Except for thallium, they exhibit a +3 oxidation state.
• Thallium exhibits both +1 and +3 oxidation states.
• Boron is a metalloid, while the others are metals.

Group 14 (Carbon Group)

• The group consists of carbon (C), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), tin (Sn), and lead (Pb).
• Except for carbon, they exhibit a +4 oxidation state.
• Carbon exhibits -4, +2, and +4 oxidation states.
• Carbon is a non-metal, silicon and germanium are metalloids, and tin and lead are metals.

Group 15 (Nitrogen Group)

• The group consists of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), and bismuth (Bi).
• They exhibit -3, +3, and +5 oxidation states.
• Nitrogen and phosphorus are non-metals, arsenic and antimony are metalloids, and bismuth is a metal.

Group 16 (Chalcogens)

• The group consists of oxygen (O), sulfur (S), selenium (Se), tellurium (Te), and polonium (Po).
• They exhibit -2, +2, +4, and +6 oxidation states.
• Oxygen and sulfur are non-metals, selenium and tellurium are metalloids, and polonium is a metal.

Group 17 (Halogens)

• The group consists of fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), and astatine (At).
• Except for fluorine, they exhibit a -1 oxidation state.
• Fluorine exhibits -1 and +1 oxidation states.
• All halogens are non-metals.

Group 18 (Noble Gases)

• The group consists of helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), and radon (Rn).
• Except for xenon, they exhibit a 0 oxidation state.
• Xenon exhibits +2, +4, and +6 oxidation states.
• All noble gases are non-metals and unreactive gases.