84 Questions
What gives blood its red color?
Haemoglobin
Which of the following is a function of blood?
Regulation
According to the text, what is the origin of blood cells?
Monophyletic theory
Which group of substances determines whether blood will clot or not?
Both procoagulants and anticoagulants
What happens when a blood vessel is ruptured?
Procoagulants become more active than anticoagulants
What is the molecular weight of prothrombin?
68,700
Which type of blood has a higher acidity and lower pH?
Venous blood
What is the main advantage of the biconcave disc shape of red blood cells?
Surface area to volume ratio
Which cells are responsible for the destruction of old and damaged erythrocytes?
Macrophages
What is the pigment responsible for the red color of blood?
Hemoglobin
Which type of leukocyte is responsible for releasing histamine causing vasodilation?
Basophils
Which leukocyte is highly phagocytic and the most common first responder to microbial infection?
Neutrophils
Which leukocyte is particularly effective with antigen-antibody complexes and releases antihistamines?
Eosinophils
Which type of leukocyte has a horseshoe-shaped nucleus and is designed to degrade engulfed tissue debris from chronic inflammatory reactions?
Monocytes
Which leukocyte is responsible for releasing histamine causing vasodilation?
Basophils
What is the main function of platelets?
To form blood clots
Which leukocyte is highly phagocytic and the most common first responder to microbial infection?
Neutrophils
What is the process of preventing blood loss called?
Vascular spasm
Which leukocyte is responsible for degrading engulfed tissue debris from chronic inflammatory reactions?
Monocytes
What causes the oxidation of iron in methaemoglobin?
Superoxides
Which leukocyte is responsible for allergen and antigen response?
Basophils
Which of the following is a characteristic of venous blood compared to arterial blood?
Venous blood has a lower pH
Which of the following is a characteristic of reticulocytes?
Reticulocytes are nucleated erythrocytes
What is the fate of old and damaged erythrocytes?
They are broken down by macrophages through phagocytosis
Which of the following is a function of macrophages in relation to erythrocytes?
Macrophages engulf and break down erythrocytes through phagocytosis
What is the pigment responsible for the red color of blood?
Hemoglobin
What is the main structural difference between hemoglobin and myoglobin?
Hemoglobin is composed of four polypeptide chains, while myoglobin is composed of a single polypeptide chain
What is the advantage of the biconcave disc shape of red blood cells?
All of the above
Which of the following substances is responsible for clot formation when a blood vessel is ruptured?
Procoagulants
Which group of substances is more in number, resulting in blood not often clotting in the blood vessels?
Anticoagulants
What is the molecular weight of prothrombin?
68,700
What is the molecular weight of thrombin?
33,700
What is the primary function of anticoagulants in blood clotting?
To prevent clot formation
What is the primary function of procoagulants in blood clotting?
To promote clot formation
Which plasma protein can easily split into smaller compounds, one of which is thrombin?
Prothrombin
What is the primary function of thrombin in blood clotting?
To promote clot formation
What determines whether blood will clot or not?
Anticoagulants
Which of the following is NOT a function of blood?
Respiration
What is the difference between haemoglobin and myoglobin?
Haemoglobin carries oxygen, while myoglobin stores oxygen
What is the difference between granulocytic and agranulocytic leukocytes?
Granulocytic leukocytes have granules in their cytoplasm, while agranulocytic leukocytes do not
What is the process of haemostasis?
The formation of a blood clot to stop bleeding
What is the difference between anticoagulants and procoagulants?
Anticoagulants prevent blood clotting, while procoagulants promote blood clotting
What is the mechanism of the blood coagulation pathway?
The formation of a blood clot to stop bleeding
What are the components of the haematopoietic system?
Blood, bone marrow, and lymphoreticular tissues
Which type of immunity provides lasting and protective immunity?
Adaptive immunity
What is the primary function of phagocytes?
To identify and eradicate foreign agents
Which cells are involved in defense against parasitic infections?
Eosinophils
Which cells are responsible for triggering the complement cascade?
Basophils
Which type of leukocyte is a type of antigen-presenting cell (APC)?
B-cells
Which type of lymphocyte is involved in the initiation of adaptive immunity?
T-cells
Which type of leukocyte is the most abundant type of white blood cells?
Neutrophils
What is the primary function of eosinophils?
To release toxic substances against parasites
Which type of leukocyte is particularly effective with antigen-antibody complexes and releases antihistamines?
Eosinophils
Which cells of the immune system are involved in recognition and clearance of foreign agents?
Macrophages
What are the main characteristics of the innate immune response?
All of the above
What are the physical and chemical barriers against infection?
All of the above
What is the difference between primary and secondary lymphoid organs?
Primary lymphoid organs are involved in the initial immune response, while secondary lymphoid organs are involved in the adaptive immune response.
What are immune complexes?
Antibodies bound to antigens.
What is the difference between epitopes and antigens?
Epitopes are specific sites on antibodies, while antigens are foreign substances that trigger an immune response.
What is immunity?
All of the above
What are the functional components of the immune system?
Innate and adaptive immunity.
What are the cellular systems involved in preserving the integrity of the external and internal environment of the animal?
All of the above
What is the main characteristic of innate immunity?
All of the above
What are the key features of the complement system?
Inherent from birth and consistently active.
Which type of immunity provides a tailored response to specific pathogens?
Adaptive immunity
What is the primary function of phagocytes?
To recognize and eradicate foreign agents
Which type of leukocyte is highly phagocytic and the most common first responder to microbial infection?
Neutrophils
What is the primary function of eosinophils?
To release toxic substances to destroy parasites
Which type of leukocyte is particularly effective with antigen-antibody complexes and releases antihistamines?
Mast cells
What are the primary/central lymphoid organs?
Thymus and bone marrow
What are the secondary/peripheral lymphoid organs?
Lymph nodes and spleen
What is the primary function of neutrophils?
To engulf and destroy pathogens
What is the primary function of mast cells?
To facilitate antigen presentation
What is the primary function of basophils?
To trigger the complement cascade
What are the physical and chemical barriers against infection?
Skin, eyelashes, cilia, mucous membranes
What is the main difference between the innate and adaptive immune response?
The innate immune response is present from birth and consistently active, while the adaptive immune response is acquired and specific.
What is the primary function of phagocytes?
To engulf and destroy pathogens
Which cells are involved in defense against parasitic infections?
Eosinophils
What is the main function of platelets?
To help with blood clotting
What are immune complexes?
Antigen-antibody complexes
What is the difference between epitopes and antigens?
Epitopes are specific regions on antigens that antibodies bind to.
What is the primary function of eosinophils?
To defend against parasitic infections
Which type of immunity provides lasting and protective immunity?
Adaptive immunity
What are the main characteristics of the innate immune response?
Inherent from birth, first line of defense, non-specific cellular responses
Test your knowledge of the structural differences between oxyhaemoglobin, deoxyhaemoglobin, and methaemoglobin. Learn about the oxidation process of methaemoglobin and its relationship to erythrocytes.
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