30 Questions
Which of the following is a symptom of sickle cell anemia?
Localized pain in lower extremities
What is the main cause of iron deficiency anemia?
Chronic blood loss
What is the primary laboratory feature of iron deficiency anemia?
Microcytic RBCs
Which type of polycythemia is usually caused by dehydration?
Relative Polycythemia
What is the etiology of sickle cell anemia?
Genetic substitution of valine for glutamic acid on Hb beta chain
What can activate fetal hemoglobin synthesis in sickle cell anemia?
Hydroxyurea
Which symptom is commonly associated with Polycythemia Vera?
Itchy skin
What is the primary feature of RBCs in sickle cell anemia?
Sickled shape
What is the main treatment for iron deficiency anemia?
Iron supplements (ferrous sulphate)
Which hormone stimulates red blood cell (RBC) production in response to low oxygen levels?
Erythropoietin
What is the primary role of the spleen in relation to red blood cells (RBCs)?
Removing old or abnormal RBCs
Which component of the blood is responsible for carrying hemoglobin for oxygen transport?
Red blood cells (RBCs)
What is the main cause of Sickle Cell Anemia?
Genetic disorder causing abnormal hemoglobin
Which substance is essential for red blood cell (RBC) production?
Iron
What is the adverse immune response to transfused blood called?
Transfusion Reaction
What is the role of plasma in blood composition?
Contains organic/inorganic substances and proteins
Which of the following factors can cause a left shift in the O2-Hb curve?
Decrease in 2,3 DPG levels
What is a primary way CO2 is transferred out of tissues to the lungs?
HCO3-
Which condition can lead to a severe left shift in the O2-Hb curve?
Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning
What measurements are included in oxygen delivery measurements?
DO2
Which condition can cause macrocytic anemia with neurologic abnormalities?
Vitamin B12 deficiency
What can be a cause of anemia with low reticulocyte count and no evidence of hemolysis?
Aplastic anemia
What are general lab terminologies associated with anemia?
Macrocytosis
What is the primary site of erythropoietin (EPO) production in adults?
Kidneys - EPO is released in response to hypoxia and acts on the bone marrow to stimulate RBC production
What causes a right shift in the O2-Hb dissociation curve?
Increased temperature - leading to increased oxygen unloading in tissues
What is the primary function of fetal hemoglobin (HbF)?
To bind oxygen more tightly than adult hemoglobin
What is the main cause of microcytic anemia?
Chronic blood loss
What is the primary role of bilirubin in the body?
To be a byproduct of heme metabolism and be excreted in bile
What is the significance of the O2-Hb dissociation curve?
It illustrates the relationship between oxygen saturation and partial pressure of oxygen
What is the primary effect of carbon monoxide (CO) on oxygen transport in the body?
It decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen
Study Notes
Understanding Oxygen Transport and Anemia
- Factors that cause left shift in the O2-Hb curve include pH increase, pCO2 decrease, temperature decrease, 2,3 DPG decrease, congenital Hb dysfunctions, and carboxyhemoglobin.
- Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning can lead to severe left shift in the O2-Hb curve, with symptoms dependent on the percentage of CO bound to Hb.
- Treatment for CO poisoning involves high O2 therapy to overwhelm the concentration gradient.
- Oxygen delivery measurements include CaO2, PaO2, DO2, and VO2, calculated using the Fick Equation.
- CO2 transport involves dissolved CO2, CO2 bound to Hb, and HCO3- as the primary way CO2 is transferred out of tissues to the lungs.
- Alterations in oxygen transport can be caused by factors affecting Hb formation, RBC formation, oxygen availability to lungs, or cardiac output.
- Anemia can be classified as relative (blood dilution) or absolute (RBC level decrease) with general effects including increased cardiopulmonary function, increased EPO secretion, and generalized symptoms.
- General lab terminology associated with anemia includes microcytosis, macrocytosis, hyperchromia, hypochromia, reticulocytosis, and hemolysis.
- Anemia due to decreased RBC production can be caused by aplastic anemia, leading to low reticulocyte count and no evidence of hemolysis, and chronic renal failure, primarily due to decreased erythropoietin production.
- Chronic renal failure symptoms include dilutional decrease in HCT, uremia, and hemolysis leading to schistocytes, and can be treated with EPO and iron supplements.
- Vitamin B12 or folate deficiency can cause macrocytic anemia with neurologic abnormalities and other symptoms, and is treated with supplements.
- Diagnosis of B12 or folate deficiency can be challenging.
Test your knowledge of oxygen transport and anemia with this quiz. Explore factors affecting the O2-Hb curve, CO poisoning, oxygen delivery measurements, CO2 transport, anemia classification, lab terminology, and causes and treatments of anemia.
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