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Questions and Answers

What is the composition of HbA2?

2 alpha and 2 beta chains

2 alpha and 2 delta chains (correct)

2 alpha and 2 gamma chains

3 alpha and 1 beta chains

How long does a red blood cell (RBC) last?

1 month

6 months

3 months (correct)

12 months

What is the composition of fetal Hb (HbF)?

2 alpha and 2 delta chains

2 alpha and 2 gamma chains (correct)

2 alpha and 2 beta chains

3 alpha and 1 beta chains

How much of HbA2 do most adults have?

1-3% Signup and view all the answers

What is the main treatment for carbon monoxide poisoning?

Bombard with O2 and use a rebreather mask Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal hemoglobin (Hb) level considered good?

Above 100 Signup and view all the answers

In which patients would packed red blood cells be administered?

Hb level below 50 or patients with cardiovascular or respiratory disease Signup and view all the answers

What happens to Hb level in normal people when it goes below the 70s?

Need to consider how they are coping Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of carbonic anhydrase in red blood cells?

Promotes the reaction of CO2 and water to form an acid and then dissociates to H+ ion and bicarbonate ion Signup and view all the answers

What is the Bohr effect related to in the context of CO2 transport?

Facilitates O2 coming off when CO2 comes on Signup and view all the answers

What happens at the level of the lungs when O2 comes into red blood cells?

Binds with deoxyHb and forms H ion Signup and view all the answers

What is the main consequence of high levels of O2 in the body?

Can be toxic and destroy lung tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is the main risk associated with high O2 levels in infants?

Lung damage and scarring Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the partial pressure of nitrogen in the blood with diving?

It becomes soluble in the blood Signup and view all the answers

What is the main concern when ascending from a deep dive?

Preventing nitrogen gas from turning into bubbles and causing an air embolus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of vaso-occlusive crisis and tissue infarction in sickle cell anemia?

Abnormal hemoglobin production Signup and view all the answers

What leads to the sickling of hemoglobin in sickle cell anemia?

A single amino acid change in the beta chain of Hb Signup and view all the answers

At what gestational age is dating ultrasound for pregnant women best done?

At or after 8 weeks of gestational age Signup and view all the answers

Which unique pathways are involved in fetal circulation to bypass the liver and lungs?

Ductus venosus and foramen ovale Signup and view all the answers

What may the closure of the foramen ovale lead to in some cases?

Atrial septal defects Signup and view all the answers

How does the cry of a newborn impact circulation?

It helps establish good blood flow through circulation Signup and view all the answers

How does oxygen transport occur in the blood?

Via reversible reactions facilitated by hemoglobin Signup and view all the answers

Which external factors can shift the O2-Hb dissociation curve to the right, facilitating O2 release?

High CO levels, low pH, and high temperature Signup and view all the answers

How does fetal hemoglobin differ from adult hemoglobin in terms of the dissociation curve?

It has less 2,3-BPG enzyme, shifting its dissociation curve to the left Signup and view all the answers

What are the potential effects of carbon monoxide poisoning on oxygen transport?

Cherry red lips and nearly complete Hb saturation Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Understanding Fetal Circulation, Oxygen Transport, and Sickle Cell Anemia

Sickle cell anemia causes abnormal hemoglobin (Hb) production leading to vaso-occlusive crisis and tissue infarction
A single amino acid change in the beta chain of Hb causes it to sickle under stress
Dating ultrasound for pregnant women is best done at or after 8 weeks of gestational age
Fetal circulation includes unique pathways like the ductus venosus and foramen ovale to bypass liver and lungs
The closure of the foramen ovale may take up to a year, leading to potential atrial septal defects
The cry of a newborn helps establish good blood flow through circulation
Oxygen transport occurs via reversible reactions in the blood, facilitated by hemoglobin
External factors such as pH, CO2 levels, and temperature can shift the O2-Hb dissociation curve
High CO levels, low pH, and high temperature shift the curve to the right, facilitating O2 release
Low CO levels, high pH, and low temperature shift the curve to the left, promoting O2 binding
Fetal hemoglobin has less 2,3-BPG enzyme, shifting its dissociation curve to the left
Carbon monoxide poisoning can lead to cherry red lips and nearly complete Hb saturation, impacting oxygen transport.

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Description

This quiz covers topics including fetal circulation pathways, oxygen transport in blood, and the characteristics and effects of sickle cell anemia. It also explores the factors affecting O2-Hb dissociation curve and the impact of carbon monoxide poisoning on hemoglobin saturation.