Podcast Beta
Questions and Answers
Alcohols are represented by the general formula ______H, where R- stands for a hydrocarbon radical.
RO
Phenols have one of the hydrogen atoms replaced by a ______ group.
aryl
Aldehydes and ketones are both characterized by one ______ group (C=O).
carbonyl
Aldehydes are produced from the mild oxidation of ______ alcohols.
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Ketones are oxidation products of ______ alcohols.
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Aldehydes and ketones are known for their ______ reactions across the double bond.
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The difference in ______ between carbon and oxygen leads to a considerable contribution of dipolar resonance forms.
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The carboxylic group (-COOH) is the functional group of ______ acids.
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The polarity of the -OH bond is greatly increased, and the tendency to release a ______ (a property called acidity) is higher than in alcohols or even in phenols.
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Carboxylic acids are soluble in less polar solvents like ______, alcohol, benzene and others.
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The objective is to distinguish the organic compounds based on their characteristic reactions with different ______ reagents.
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The next activity is to test the ______ of the samples contained in test tubes 5 & 6.
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Study Notes
Carboxylic Acids
- The carboxylic group (-COOH) is the functional group of carboxylic acids.
- The polarity of the –OH bond is greatly increased due to the interaction between the hydroxyl group and the carbonyl group, resulting in a higher tendency to release a proton (acidity).
- Carboxylic acids can form hydrogen bonds with each other and with other molecules.
Oxygen-Containing Organic Compounds
- Alcohols, phenols, aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids are oxygen-containing organic compounds.
Alcohols
- Alcohols are derivatives of water, with a similar structure wherein one of the hydrogen atoms is replaced by an alkyl group.
- Alcohols are represented by the general formula ROH, where R- stands for a hydrocarbon radical.
Phenols
- Phenols have one of the hydrogen atoms replaced by an aryl group.
- The –OH group is directly attached to an aromatic ring.
Aldehydes
- Aldehydes are characterized by one carbonyl group (C=O).
- Aldehydes have at least one hydrogen bonded to the carbonyl carbon.
- Aldehydes are produced from the mild oxidation of primary alcohols.
- Aldehydes are easily oxidized to carboxylic acids or their salts.
Ketones
- Ketones are characterized by one carbonyl group (C=O).
- Ketones have alkyl or aryl group bonded to the carbonyl group.
- Ketones are oxidation products of secondary alcohols.
- Ketones are generally not affected by oxidizing agents.
Reactivity of Aldehydes and Ketones
- Addition reactions across the double bond are the characteristic reactions of aldehydes and ketones.
- This type of reactivity is due to the strongly polar carbonyl group of these compounds.
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Description
Test your knowledge of oxygen-containing organic compounds, including alcohols, phenols, aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids. Learn about their structures, properties, and chemical reactions.
