Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the diagnosis method for ovulation?
What is the diagnosis method for ovulation?
- Transvaginal pelvic ultrasound (correct)
- LH detection kits
- Basal Body Temperature tracking
- Day 21 progesterone blood test
What is the term for lack of a period for more than 6 months?
What is the term for lack of a period for more than 6 months?
- Primary Amenorrhoea
- Amenorrhoea (correct)
- Secondary Amenorrhoea
- Oligomenorrhoea
What is the commonest cause of Hyperandrogenism?
What is the commonest cause of Hyperandrogenism?
- Turner syndrome
- Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
- Polycystic ovarian syndrome (correct)
- Autoimmune disorder
What is the term for excess body hair in a male distribution?
What is the term for excess body hair in a male distribution?
What is the primary cause of 'idiopathic hirsutism'?
What is the primary cause of 'idiopathic hirsutism'?
What is the diagnosis method for ovulation if not on hormonal contraception?
What is the diagnosis method for ovulation if not on hormonal contraception?
What is the term for never having had a period?
What is the term for never having had a period?
What is the cause of 'Functional' hypothalamic amenorrhoea?
What is the cause of 'Functional' hypothalamic amenorrhoea?
What is the cause of HIRSUTISM related to excess body hair in a male distribution?
What is the cause of HIRSUTISM related to excess body hair in a male distribution?
What is the differential diagnosis for hirsutism with 95% occurrence?
What is the differential diagnosis for hirsutism with 95% occurrence?
Which hormone is responsible for the production of androgens in the theca cells?
Which hormone is responsible for the production of androgens in the theca cells?
What is the central mediator involved in the regulation of GnRH production?
What is the central mediator involved in the regulation of GnRH production?
Which hormone has a permissive effect on puberty and reproduction through its influence on the kisspeptin system?
Which hormone has a permissive effect on puberty and reproduction through its influence on the kisspeptin system?
Which neurons lack receptors for androgens, progesterone, and estrogens?
Which neurons lack receptors for androgens, progesterone, and estrogens?
What is the primary role of KNDy neurons in the regulation of GnRH production?
What is the primary role of KNDy neurons in the regulation of GnRH production?
What is the role of KISS1 neurons in relation to oestrogen?
What is the role of KISS1 neurons in relation to oestrogen?
What is the primary function of GnRH in the reproductive axis?
What is the primary function of GnRH in the reproductive axis?
What is the primary role of leptin in the context of reproduction?
What is the primary role of leptin in the context of reproduction?
What is the function of the theca cells in the ovary?
What is the function of the theca cells in the ovary?
What is the typical length of a menstrual cycle?
What is the typical length of a menstrual cycle?
Which hormone is produced by the Corpus Luteum if ovulation occurs?
Which hormone is produced by the Corpus Luteum if ovulation occurs?
What is the common cause of hirsutism and acne related to male pattern hair growth?
What is the common cause of hirsutism and acne related to male pattern hair growth?
What is the primary hormone responsible for the production of androgens in the theca cells?
What is the primary hormone responsible for the production of androgens in the theca cells?
What is the term for cessation of menstrual periods?
What is the term for cessation of menstrual periods?
What is the term for a condition characterized by fewer menstrual periods?
What is the term for a condition characterized by fewer menstrual periods?
What is the primary method for confirming ovulation?
What is the primary method for confirming ovulation?
What is the term for not having a period for more than six months?
What is the term for not having a period for more than six months?
What distinguishes primary amenorrhea from secondary amenorrhea?
What distinguishes primary amenorrhea from secondary amenorrhea?
What hormone is responsible for the positive and negative feedback in the gonadal axis?
What hormone is responsible for the positive and negative feedback in the gonadal axis?
What is the central mediator at the apex in the hypothalamus, responsive to estrogen, and implicated in both positive and negative feedback of hormones?
What is the central mediator at the apex in the hypothalamus, responsive to estrogen, and implicated in both positive and negative feedback of hormones?
What is the primary hormone used to confirm ovulation?
What is the primary hormone used to confirm ovulation?
What is the primary cause of hirsutism in individuals with PCOS?
What is the primary cause of hirsutism in individuals with PCOS?
What is the essential diagnostic feature for PCOS?
What is the essential diagnostic feature for PCOS?
What is the primary hormonal abnormality in PCOS?
What is the primary hormonal abnormality in PCOS?
What is the role of insulin resistance in PCOS?
What is the role of insulin resistance in PCOS?
What is the impact of PCOS on menstrual periods?
What is the impact of PCOS on menstrual periods?
What is the association between PCOS and obesity?
What is the association between PCOS and obesity?
What is the primary cause of premature ovarian insufficiency?
What is the primary cause of premature ovarian insufficiency?
What is the most common cause of hirsutism?
What is the most common cause of hirsutism?
What is the primary factor contributing to the increasing prevalence of polycystic ovarian syndrome?
What is the primary factor contributing to the increasing prevalence of polycystic ovarian syndrome?
What can sudden onset of severe symptoms or visual changes, such as male-pattern balding or voice deepening, indicate?
What can sudden onset of severe symptoms or visual changes, such as male-pattern balding or voice deepening, indicate?
What is the primary role of the hypothalamus in causing menstrual irregularities?
What is the primary role of the hypothalamus in causing menstrual irregularities?
What is the primary factor contributing to functional hypothalamic amenorrhea?
What is the primary factor contributing to functional hypothalamic amenorrhea?
Which of the following is a possible consequence of insulin resistance in PCOS?
Which of the following is a possible consequence of insulin resistance in PCOS?
What is a common manifestation of increased adrenal androgen production in PCOS?
What is a common manifestation of increased adrenal androgen production in PCOS?
How does insulin resistance contribute to the risk of impaired glucose tolerance and type two diabetes in PCOS?
How does insulin resistance contribute to the risk of impaired glucose tolerance and type two diabetes in PCOS?
What effect does PCOS have on the risk of cardiovascular disease?
What effect does PCOS have on the risk of cardiovascular disease?
What percentage of lack of ovulation cases in women of reproductive age is attributed to PCOS?
What percentage of lack of ovulation cases in women of reproductive age is attributed to PCOS?
What is a potential consequence of infrequent menstrual periods and higher estrogen levels in PCOS?
What is a potential consequence of infrequent menstrual periods and higher estrogen levels in PCOS?
To confirm ovulation?
To confirm ovulation?
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Study Notes
Understanding PCOS and its Treatment
- Insulin resistance leads to metabolic syndrome, including high sugar, high cholesterol, hypertension, and increased risk of vascular disease.
- PCOS is associated with increased adrenal androgen production, leading to manifestations like hirsutism and infrequent periods.
- Insulin resistance results in higher insulin levels, more ovarian androgen production, and increased risk of impaired glucose tolerance and type two diabetes.
- Despite obesity, PCOS does not significantly increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, possibly due to protective effects of estrogen.
- PCOS affects women of reproductive age and can cause varying degrees of infertility, with 80% of lack of ovulation cases being attributed to PCOS.
- PCOS is associated with an increased risk of early miscarriage, gestational diabetes, and other adverse pregnancy outcomes.
- Infrequent menstrual periods and higher estrogen levels in PCOS can lead to endometrial hyperplasia, increasing the risk of endometrial cancer.
- Lifestyle changes, including exercise and smoking cessation, can improve insulin resistance, lower testosterone levels, and improve pregnancy outcomes in women with PCOS.
- The combined oral contraceptive pill is an effective therapeutic treatment for PCOS, as it lowers testosterone levels and reduces ovarian stimulation, while also providing a regular withdrawal bleed to prevent endometrial hyperplasia.
- However, the pill may be relatively contraindicated for obese or smoking women due to increased risk of venous thromboembolism.
- Counseling women with PCOS is important, but there is a high frequency of eating disorders, particularly bulimia, associated with the condition.
- Alongside diet and lifestyle changes, the combined oral contraceptive pill can be a helpful treatment for hirsutism and menstrual irregularities in women with PCOS.
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