Questions and Answers
Which division of the nervous system is responsible for voluntary control of skeletal muscle?
somatic nervous system
Neurons that transmit efferent signals between the CNS and autonomic ganglia are called __________.
preganglionic neurons
Which of the following is called the 'fight or flight' division of the nervous system?
sympathetic nervous system
Somatic motor neurons innervate:
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Compared to parasympathetic ganglia, sympathetic ganglia are __________.
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Which of the following will be an effect of cocaine?
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What neurotransmitter is released by the axon of a sympathetic preganglionic neuron?
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Receptors that bind norepinephrine and epinephrine are known as:
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Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors are classified as:
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Increased heart rate is primarily regulated by which nervous system?
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Which nervous system is associated with digestion?
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Relaxation of the urinary sphincter is regulated by the:
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Vasoconstriction of blood vessels is primarily regulated by the:
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Secretion of saliva is stimulated by the:
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Which division of the nervous system enhances mental alertness?
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The beta receptor is located in the plasma membranes of:
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The nicotinic receptor is located in the membranes of all:
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The alpha receptor is found on:
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Muscarinic receptors are found in the membranes of all:
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Which nervous system usually maintains a heart rate of 72 beats per minute?
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What part of the brain largely controls homeostatic functions?
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What is found between the preganglionic neuron and postganglionic neuron of a visceral reflex arc?
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A drug that inhibits the release of norepinephrine will have the greatest effect on __________.
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Receptors that bind acetylcholine are known as __________.
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Receptors that bind norepinephrine and epinephrine are known as __________.
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What organ is served by the parasympathetic sacral nerves?
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A drug known as a beta-blocker should primarily affect __________.
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Which nervous system division works antagonistically to the sympathetic nervous system?
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What does the vagus nerve (CN X) innervate?
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Where are autonomic ganglia located?
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Which system works opposite to the sympathetic nervous system?
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Due to an accident, Lori's sacral nerves are severed. What do you expect to be affected by this injury?
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Which cranial nerve is not involved in the parasympathetic nervous system?
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Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors are classified as __________.
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What two systems are interfaced by the adrenal medulla?
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What is responsible for keeping blood vessels partially constricted at all times?
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Study Notes
Nervous System Overview
- Somatic nervous system controls voluntary movement of skeletal muscles.
- Preganglionic neurons transmit efferent signals between the central nervous system (CNS) and autonomic ganglia.
Divisions of the Nervous System
- Sympathetic nervous system is known as the "fight or flight" division, involved in stress responses.
- Parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for "rest and digest" functions including digestion and relaxation.
- Sympathetic ganglia are located closer to the spinal cord compared to parasympathetic ganglia.
Neurotransmitters and Receptors
- Cocaine increases norepinephrine availability, leading to hyperglycemia via increased glucose release.
- Sympathetic preganglionic neurons release acetylcholine to communicate with postganglionic neurons.
- Adrenergic receptors bind norepinephrine and epinephrine; cholinergic receptors bind acetylcholine.
- Nicotinic receptors are found in all postganglionic parasympathetic neurons; muscarinic receptors are on all parasympathetic target cells.
Physiological Responses
- Increased heart rate and mental alertness are stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system.
- The parasympathetic nervous system promotes digestion and secretion of saliva.
- Urinary sphincter relaxation and decreased heart rate are linked to the parasympathetic nervous system.
- Blood vessel constriction is primarily regulated by the sympathetic nervous system.
Autonomic Functions and Control
- The hypothalamus is the major control center for homeostatic functions.
- An autonomic ganglion connects the preganglionic and postganglionic neurons in visceral reflex arcs.
- Drugs that inhibit norepinephrine release primarily affect autonomic target cells.
Specific Pathways and Nerves
- The last portion of the large intestine is innervated by sacral parasympathetic nerves.
- The vagus nerve (CN X) innervates cardiac muscle cells.
- Autonomic ganglia are located in the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
- The parasympathetic nervous system works antagonistically to the sympathetic division.
Clinical Implications
- Severing sacral nerves can affect bladder function and the last part of the large intestine.
- The hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) is not involved in parasympathetic activity.
- Beta-blockers primarily affect heart rate by influencing sympathetic nervous system activity.
- Sympathetic tone maintains partial constriction of blood vessels at all times.
Interactions Between Systems
- The adrenal medulla interfaces with both the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system, influencing hormonal responses.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the nervous system, including its main divisions, neurotransmitters, and their functions. This quiz covers the somatic and autonomic nervous systems, along with key interactions involving neurotransmitters like norepinephrine and acetylcholine. Perfect for students studying biology or neuroscience.
