Overview of the Nervous System
36 Questions
100 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which division of the nervous system is responsible for voluntary control of skeletal muscle?

somatic nervous system

Neurons that transmit efferent signals between the CNS and autonomic ganglia are called __________.

preganglionic neurons

Which of the following is called the 'fight or flight' division of the nervous system?

sympathetic nervous system

Somatic motor neurons innervate:

<p>skeletal muscle cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Compared to parasympathetic ganglia, sympathetic ganglia are __________.

<p>closer to the spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following will be an effect of cocaine?

<p>hyperglycemia due to increased glucose release</p> Signup and view all the answers

What neurotransmitter is released by the axon of a sympathetic preganglionic neuron?

<p>acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Receptors that bind norepinephrine and epinephrine are known as:

<p>adrenergic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors are classified as:

<p>cholinergic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

Increased heart rate is primarily regulated by which nervous system?

<p>sympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nervous system is associated with digestion?

<p>parasympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

Relaxation of the urinary sphincter is regulated by the:

<p>parasympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vasoconstriction of blood vessels is primarily regulated by the:

<p>sympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

Secretion of saliva is stimulated by the:

<p>parasympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which division of the nervous system enhances mental alertness?

<p>sympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

The beta receptor is located in the plasma membranes of:

<p>cardiac muscle cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

The nicotinic receptor is located in the membranes of all:

<p>postganglionic parasympathetic neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

The alpha receptor is found on:

<p>arrector pili muscles in the dermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Muscarinic receptors are found in the membranes of all:

<p>parasympathetic target cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nervous system usually maintains a heart rate of 72 beats per minute?

<p>parasympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the brain largely controls homeostatic functions?

<p>hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is found between the preganglionic neuron and postganglionic neuron of a visceral reflex arc?

<p>autonomic ganglion</p> Signup and view all the answers

A drug that inhibits the release of norepinephrine will have the greatest effect on __________.

<p>autonomic target cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Receptors that bind acetylcholine are known as __________.

<p>cholinergic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Receptors that bind norepinephrine and epinephrine are known as __________.

<p>adrenergic</p> Signup and view all the answers

What organ is served by the parasympathetic sacral nerves?

<p>last portion of the large intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

A drug known as a beta-blocker should primarily affect __________.

<p>heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nervous system division works antagonistically to the sympathetic nervous system?

<p>parasympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the vagus nerve (CN X) innervate?

<p>cardiac muscle cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are autonomic ganglia located?

<p>peripheral nervous system (PNS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which system works opposite to the sympathetic nervous system?

<p>parasympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

Due to an accident, Lori's sacral nerves are severed. What do you expect to be affected by this injury?

<p>urinary bladder and the last portion of the large intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve is not involved in the parasympathetic nervous system?

<p>hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors are classified as __________.

<p>cholinergic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

What two systems are interfaced by the adrenal medulla?

<p>sympathetic nervous system and endocrine system</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is responsible for keeping blood vessels partially constricted at all times?

<p>sympathetic tone</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Nervous System Overview

  • Somatic nervous system controls voluntary movement of skeletal muscles.
  • Preganglionic neurons transmit efferent signals between the central nervous system (CNS) and autonomic ganglia.

Divisions of the Nervous System

  • Sympathetic nervous system is known as the "fight or flight" division, involved in stress responses.
  • Parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for "rest and digest" functions including digestion and relaxation.
  • Sympathetic ganglia are located closer to the spinal cord compared to parasympathetic ganglia.

Neurotransmitters and Receptors

  • Cocaine increases norepinephrine availability, leading to hyperglycemia via increased glucose release.
  • Sympathetic preganglionic neurons release acetylcholine to communicate with postganglionic neurons.
  • Adrenergic receptors bind norepinephrine and epinephrine; cholinergic receptors bind acetylcholine.
  • Nicotinic receptors are found in all postganglionic parasympathetic neurons; muscarinic receptors are on all parasympathetic target cells.

Physiological Responses

  • Increased heart rate and mental alertness are stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system.
  • The parasympathetic nervous system promotes digestion and secretion of saliva.
  • Urinary sphincter relaxation and decreased heart rate are linked to the parasympathetic nervous system.
  • Blood vessel constriction is primarily regulated by the sympathetic nervous system.

Autonomic Functions and Control

  • The hypothalamus is the major control center for homeostatic functions.
  • An autonomic ganglion connects the preganglionic and postganglionic neurons in visceral reflex arcs.
  • Drugs that inhibit norepinephrine release primarily affect autonomic target cells.

Specific Pathways and Nerves

  • The last portion of the large intestine is innervated by sacral parasympathetic nerves.
  • The vagus nerve (CN X) innervates cardiac muscle cells.
  • Autonomic ganglia are located in the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
  • The parasympathetic nervous system works antagonistically to the sympathetic division.

Clinical Implications

  • Severing sacral nerves can affect bladder function and the last part of the large intestine.
  • The hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) is not involved in parasympathetic activity.
  • Beta-blockers primarily affect heart rate by influencing sympathetic nervous system activity.
  • Sympathetic tone maintains partial constriction of blood vessels at all times.

Interactions Between Systems

  • The adrenal medulla interfaces with both the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system, influencing hormonal responses.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Description

Test your knowledge on the nervous system, including its main divisions, neurotransmitters, and their functions. This quiz covers the somatic and autonomic nervous systems, along with key interactions involving neurotransmitters like norepinephrine and acetylcholine. Perfect for students studying biology or neuroscience.

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser