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Overview of the Nervous System
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Overview of the Nervous System

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the nervous system?

  • To communicate with body cells through electrical impulses (correct)
  • To regulate body temperature through blood circulation
  • To produce hormones for bodily functions
  • To filter toxins from the bloodstream

    • What are the three overlapping functions of the nervous system?

  • Sensory input, integration, motor output (correct)
  • Reflex, response, voluntary action
  • Sensory input, hormone regulation, motor output
  • Stimulus, response, feedback

    • Which structures are primarily included in the structural classification of the nervous system?

  • Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system (correct)
  • Sensory receptors and muscle fibers
  • Hormonal glands and brain lobes
  • Spinal cord and cranial nerves

    • Which part of the nervous system is responsible for regulating involuntary actions?

    <p>Autonomic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two parts make up the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Sympathetic and parasympathetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of sensory receptors in the nervous system?

    <p>To monitor changes in the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the functional classification of the nervous system?

    <p>It categorizes peripheral nervous system structures into subdivisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cell body of a neuron?

    <p>Carrying out metabolic functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary type of cells that make up nervous tissue?

    <p>Supporting cells and neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the classification of neurons, which type carries impulses toward the CNS?

    <p>Sensory neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes white matter in the CNS?

    <p>Myelinated bundles of nerve fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do interferons play in the treatment of multiple sclerosis?

    <p>They alleviate symptoms and slow progression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are neuron cell bodies found in the CNS rather than in the PNS?

    <p>They need protection from damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of neurons are classified based on the number of processes extending from the cell body?

    <p>Structural neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of irritability and conductivity in neurons?

    <p>They enable the generation of nerve impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system?

    <p>They form the myelin sheaths around nerve fibers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which classification describes small collections of cell bodies outside the CNS?

    <p>Ganglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures are formed at regular intervals along myelinated fibers?

    <p>Nodes of Ranvier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do oligodendrocytes differ from Schwann cells in terms of myelination?

    <p>Oligodendrocytes can coil around multiple fibers simultaneously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the neurilemma in the peripheral nervous system?

    <p>It plays a significant role in fiber regeneration after damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by the gradual destruction of myelin sheaths in the CNS?

    <p>Multiple sclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is primarily found in the myelin sheath formed by Schwann cells?

    <p>Wrapped layers of the Schwann cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to nerve signals when myelin sheaths are compromised?

    <p>They may jump to other demyelinated neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function is NOT performed by satellite cells in the peripheral nervous system?

    <p>Forming myelin sheaths around axons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called that restores the electrical conditions at the membrane to the polarized state?

    <p>Repolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pump is responsible for restoring the initial concentrations of sodium and potassium ions after repolarization?

    <p>Sodium-potassium pump</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of conduction occurs when the nerve impulse jumps from node to node along the axon?

    <p>Saltatory conduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reflex involves a two-neuron reflex arc?

    <p>Patellar reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following components is NOT part of a three-neuron reflex arc?

    <p>Glial cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes reflexes predictable and rapid?

    <p>They are preprogrammed responses to stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system is primarily involved in reflex arcs?

    <p>Both CNS and PNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does myelination affect nerve impulse propagation?

    <p>It speeds up propagation by allowing impulses to leap.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary ion that is more concentrated inside a resting neuron?

    <p>Potassium (K+)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the polarity of a neuron's membrane during depolarization?

    <p>The inside becomes more positive than the outside.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stimulus primarily causes neurons to depolarize and generate an impulse?

    <p>Neurotransmitter chemicals released by other neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of potential results from the local depolarization of a neuron's membrane?

    <p>Graded potential.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs almost immediately after sodium ions rush into the neuron during action potential generation?

    <p>Potassium ion permeability increases and sodium becomes impermeable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about the nerve impulse regarding its propagation along the axon?

    <p>It is an all-or-none response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the permeability of the neuron's plasma membrane during the rapid outflow of potassium ions?

    <p>It becomes permeable to potassium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase does the neuron's membrane maintain a state where it is polarized?

    <p>Resting phase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Overview of the Nervous System

    • Master control and communication system of the body.
    • Influences thoughts, actions, and emotions through electrical impulses.
    • Functions rapidly to provide immediate responses, working alongside the endocrine system which uses hormones for slower regulation.

    Functions of the Nervous System

    • Sensory Input: Monitors internal and external changes (stimuli) using sensory receptors.
    • Integration: Processes and interprets sensory input to determine appropriate responses.
    • Motor Output: Activates muscles or glands to produce a response.

    Classifications of the Nervous System

    • Structural Classification:

      • Central Nervous System (CNS): Comprises the brain and spinal cord; processes sensory information, integrating commands based on experiences.
      • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Connects CNS to limbs and organs.

    • Functional Classification:

      • Somatic Nervous System: Controls voluntary movements.
      • Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): Regulates involuntary bodily functions (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands); consists of sympathetic (stimulating) and parasympathetic (inhibitory) divisions.

    Nervous Tissue Structure

    • Composed of two main cell types: supporting cells and neurons.

    • Supporting Cells:

      • Schwann Cells: Form myelin sheaths in the PNS.
      • Satellite Cells: Provide protection and cushioning to neuron cell bodies.

    • Neurons: Specialized for transmitting messages; all have a cell body with a nucleus and extending processes (axons and dendrites).

    Myelination

    • Myelin sheath is essential for electrical insulation around axons.
    • Schwann Cells in the PNS wrap around single axons, forming myelin, while Oligodendrocytes in the CNS can surround multiple axons.
    • Myelin increases speed of impulse conduction; absence can result in disorders like Multiple Sclerosis (MS) which disrupts nerve signal transmission.

    Nervous System Terminology

    • CNS: Nuclei (cell body clusters), tracts (nerve fiber bundles).
    • PNS: Ganglia (cell body collections), nerves (fiber bundles).
    • White Matter: Myelinated regions; Gray Matter: Unmyelinated regions.

    Neuron Classification

    • Functional Classification:

      • Sensory Neurons: Carry impulses to the CNS.
      • Motor Neurons: Carry impulses away from the CNS.
      • Association Neurons (Interneurons): Connect sensory and motor neurons.

    • Structural Classification: Based on the number of processes extending from the cell body (unipolar, bipolar, multipolar).

    Physiology of Nerve Impulses

    • Neurons exhibit irritability (ability to respond to stimuli) and conductivity (ability to transmit impulses).
    • Resting neurons are polarized, with differing ion concentrations inside (potassium) and outside (sodium).
    • Depolarization occurs when sodium channels open, leading to an influx of sodium ions.
    • If strong enough, this triggers an action potential, a full-scale nerve impulse that propagates along the axon.
    • Repolarization restores original polarity; the sodium-potassium pump re-establishes ion concentrations.

    Saltatory Conduction

    • In myelinated fibers, impulses 'jump' from node to node, greatly increasing conduction velocity compared to unmyelinated fibers.

    Reflexes and Reflex Arcs

    • Reflexes are rapid, involuntary responses to stimuli, typically following a specific, predictable pathway.
    • Involve both CNS and PNS, classified as somatic (controlling skeletal muscle) or autonomic (controlling internal organs).
    • Reflex arcs consist of five components: receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, and effector, allowing for quick bodily responses (e.g., knee-jerk reflex).

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    Related Documents

    Introduction to Nervous System.docx

    Description

    This quiz covers the essential functions and classifications of the nervous system, including its master role in controlling thoughts, actions, and emotions. Learn about the central and peripheral nervous systems, as well as sensory input, integration, and motor output. Test your knowledge on how this complex system interacts with the endocrine system.

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