Podcast
Questions and Answers
Voluntary control of skeletal muscles is provided by the ________ nervous system.
Voluntary control of skeletal muscles is provided by the ________ nervous system.
The part of the peripheral nervous system that brings information to the central nervous system is:
The part of the peripheral nervous system that brings information to the central nervous system is:
Each of the following is a type of glial cell found in the central nervous system, except:
Each of the following is a type of glial cell found in the central nervous system, except:
The type of glial cell that is found lining the ventricles and spinal canal and makes cerebrospinal fluid is:
The type of glial cell that is found lining the ventricles and spinal canal and makes cerebrospinal fluid is:
Signup and view all the answers
Neurotransmitters are released from a synapse with the help of which electrolyte?
Neurotransmitters are released from a synapse with the help of which electrolyte?
Signup and view all the answers
The site of intercellular communication between neurons is the:
The site of intercellular communication between neurons is the:
Signup and view all the answers
At the normal resting potential of a typical neuron, its ion exchange pump transports:
At the normal resting potential of a typical neuron, its ion exchange pump transports:
Signup and view all the answers
Opening of sodium channels in the membrane of a neuron results in:
Opening of sodium channels in the membrane of a neuron results in:
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following muscles is NOT part of the quadriceps group?
Which of the following muscles is NOT part of the quadriceps group?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of contraction is most likely to lead to delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS)?
What type of contraction is most likely to lead to delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS)?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of nerves connects directly to and from the brain?
Which type of nerves connects directly to and from the brain?
Signup and view all the answers
The neuroglial cell that functions as the immune system of the CNS is:
The neuroglial cell that functions as the immune system of the CNS is:
Signup and view all the answers
Intercalated discs are characteristic of which type of muscle?
Intercalated discs are characteristic of which type of muscle?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following best describes the resting membrane potential of a nerve cell?
Which of the following best describes the resting membrane potential of a nerve cell?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary extensor of the elbow?
What is the primary extensor of the elbow?
Signup and view all the answers
What structure is referred to as the tip of the spinal cord?
What structure is referred to as the tip of the spinal cord?
Signup and view all the answers
Enlargements of the spinal cord occur primarily in segments that control which parts of the body?
Enlargements of the spinal cord occur primarily in segments that control which parts of the body?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the total number of spinal cord segments according to the number of spinal nerve pairs?
What is the total number of spinal cord segments according to the number of spinal nerve pairs?
Signup and view all the answers
The dorsal root ganglia are primarily known for containing which type of neurons?
The dorsal root ganglia are primarily known for containing which type of neurons?
Signup and view all the answers
Which reflex is responsible for compensatory adjustments on the opposite side of the body during a withdrawal reflex?
Which reflex is responsible for compensatory adjustments on the opposite side of the body during a withdrawal reflex?
Signup and view all the answers
Interneurons in the spinal cord primarily utilize which mechanism to prevent antagonist muscles from interfering with a movement?
Interneurons in the spinal cord primarily utilize which mechanism to prevent antagonist muscles from interfering with a movement?
Signup and view all the answers
The simplest type of reflex actions are mediated at which level of the central nervous system?
The simplest type of reflex actions are mediated at which level of the central nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following structures is NOT involved in protecting the brain and spinal cord?
Which of the following structures is NOT involved in protecting the brain and spinal cord?
Signup and view all the answers
The type of muscle contraction that does NOT change the muscle's length while contracting is known as what?
The type of muscle contraction that does NOT change the muscle's length while contracting is known as what?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of muscle fibers would a world-class sprinter typically have a higher proportion of compared to a distance runner?
Which type of muscle fibers would a world-class sprinter typically have a higher proportion of compared to a distance runner?
Signup and view all the answers
In the context of a reflex arc, what is the correct sequence of events?
In the context of a reflex arc, what is the correct sequence of events?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Nervous System
- Voluntary control of skeletal muscles is provided by the somatic nervous system.
Peripheral Nervous System
- The afferent division of the peripheral nervous system carries sensory information to the central nervous system.
Glial Cells
- Astrocytes, ependymal cells, and oligodendrocytes are all glial cells found in the central nervous system.
- Satellite cells are found in the peripheral nervous system.
- Ependymal cells line the ventricles and spinal canal, producing and distributing cerebrospinal fluid.
Neurotransmitters
- Neurotransmitters are released from a synapse with the aid of calcium ions.
Synapse
- The synapse is the site of intercellular communication between neurons.
Sensory Neurons
- Sensory neurons of the PNS are unipolar.
Neuron Resting Potential
- At rest, a typical neuron's ion exchange pump transports 3 sodium ions out and 2 potassium ions in for every cycle.
Depolarization
- Opening sodium channels in a neuron's membrane leads to depolarization.
Impulse Conduction Speed
- Impulse conduction speed is fastest in type A fibers.
Interneurons
- Interneurons coordinate information, connect different brain regions, and relay information.
Astrocytes Function
- Astrocytes control the interstitial environment, guide neuron development, maintain the blood-brain barrier, and participate in repairing damaged neural tissue.
Spinal Cord Enlargements
- Spinal cord enlargements are located in segments controlling limbs.
Spinal Cord Segments
- The spinal cord is divided into 31 segments, corresponding to the number of spinal nerve pairs.
Dorsal Root Ganglia
- Dorsal root ganglia contain cell bodies of sensory neurons.
Reflexes
- The crossed extensor reflex complements a withdrawal reflex by adapting the opposite side of the body.
- Interneurons prevent antagonistic muscle interference via reciprocal inhibition.
- The simplest reflexes are mediated at the spinal cord level.
- Protective structures for the brain and spinal cord include the blood-brain barrier, bones of the cranium, cranial meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Muscles
- The insertion is the more movable part of a muscle.
- Isometric contractions maintain muscle length without changing shape.
- Isotonic contractions cause muscle lengthening during contraction.
- The all-or-none principle states that a muscle fiber contracts fully or not at all.
- Sprinters have a higher percentage of fast-twitch (type II) fibers than long-distance runners.
- A reflex arc sequence is: receptor response, sensory neuron signal, information processing in the CNS, motor neuron signal, peripheral effector response.
- The spinal cord ends between vertebrae L1 and L2.
- Smooth muscle is non-striated.
- To lift a heavier weight, more motor units are recruited, not individual fibers contracting harder.
- Large motor units are involved in generating power.
- Creatine phosphate replenishes ATP in the first few seconds after muscle activity begins.
- Postural (slow-twitch) muscles, like the soleus, have more myoglobin than phasic (fast-twitch) muscles, like the gastrocnemius.
- The external intercostal muscles elevate the ribs during breathing.
- The hamstrings (biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus) flex the knee, while the quadriceps group (rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius) extends it.
- The triceps brachii is the primary extensor of the elbow.
- Resting membrane potential is -70 mV, depolarized is +30 mV, and hyperpolarized is < -70 mV
- Myelinated nerves transmit signals faster than unmyelinated nerves.
- The tip of the spinal cord is called the conus medullaris.
- An innate reflex is a reflex you are born with, not learned.
- A polysynaptic reflex uses one or more interneurons.
- Eccentric contractions are more likely to cause muscle damage like delayed-onset muscle soreness.
- Intercalated discs are unique to cardiac muscle.
- Cranial nerves travel directly to and from the brain.
- Microglia are the immune system of the CNS.
- Myelin is predominantly made of fat.
- The tibialis anterior dorsiflexes the foot.
- The rhomboids are not a rotator cuff muscle.
- The biceps femoris is not part of the quadriceps group.
- The deltoid muscle abducts the humerus.
- Creatine phosphate acts as an energy reserve, replenishing ATP, and is produced during both rest and exercise.
- The repeating unit of a skeletal muscle fiber is the sarcomere.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge on the fundamental concepts of the nervous system, including the somatic nervous system, glial cells, neurotransmitters, and neuron function. This quiz is perfect for students studying biology or neuroscience and covers key terms related to sensory neurons and synapses.
