Psyc Personality, Chapter 3

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Questions and Answers

An individual exhibiting a hostile attribution bias is MOST likely to demonstrate which characteristic?

A predisposition to minimize conflicts and disagreements

A natural ease in forming relationships

An increased tendency to trust the motives of others

An inclination to believe people have ill intentions (correct)

Which of the following best describes an individual with high neuroticism?

Exhibits consistent positive emotions and seeks out social interaction.

Generally compassionate, helpful, and forms stable positive relationships.

Prefers routine and avoids unpredictable situations.

Frequently experiences stress, insecurity, and emotional instability. (correct)

Which of the following scenarios BEST illustrates a potential positive outcome associated with low agreeableness?

An individual adeptly challenges a flawed project proposal, advocating for a superior alternative. (correct)

An individual readily agrees with team decisions, even if they hold reservations.

An individual consistently avoids confronting conflicts in workplace dynamics.

An individual prioritizes maintaining harmony in their work environment above all else.

An individual who is highly agreeable is MOST likely to exhibit which behaviour?

Displaying empathy and cooperative behaviour. (B) Signup and view all the answers

A person who is described as rigid, struggling with spontaneity, and possibly having obsessive-compulsive disorder is MOST likely exhibiting which trait at an exceptionally high level?

Conscientiousness (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior is MOST indicative of low conscientiousness?

Easily deviating from planned tasks and engaging in impulsive actions (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which is NOT typically associated with high extraversion?

A preference for solitude and quiet reflection. (A) Signup and view all the answers

A person exhibiting high conscientiousness would MOST likely display which behaviour?

Being highly organized, responsible, and goal-oriented. (B) Signup and view all the answers

An individual who frequently experiences intense negative emotions like shame and self-consciousness is MOST likely exhibiting which personality trait?

High Neuroticism (D) Signup and view all the answers

An individual scoring low in conscientiousness, is MOST likely to exhibit which behavior?

Being easily distracted, disorganized, and less focused on goals. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which combination of traits is MOST likely to predispose an individual to risky behaviors, substance abuse, and antisocial actions?

Low Agreeableness and Low Conscientiousness (D) Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a person with low agreeableness from one with high neuroticism, based on their typical behavior?

Low agreeableness is marked by antisocial behavior, while high neuroticism is marked by negative emotions. (A) Signup and view all the answers

A person 'saying exactly what they mean' is MOST likely exhibiting what characteristic from the provided content?

Low Agreeableness (D) Signup and view all the answers

An individual who frequently seeks excitement and variety, and tends to experience positive emotions, likely scores high on which facet of personality?

High Extraversion (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is most indicative of low extraversion?

Preferring solitude and a few close friends (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best illustrates the behavior of an ambivert?

Enjoys socializing but also requires solitary time to recharge. (C) Signup and view all the answers

A person who is described as trusting, sympathetic, cooperative, and honest likely scores high in which of the following traits?

Agreeableness (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is generally associated with high agreeableness?

Better mental health (A) Signup and view all the answers

An individual with high agreeableness might struggle most with which of the following:

Asserting boundaries and making tough decisions (C) Signup and view all the answers

How are extraversion and neuroticism related?

They are negatively correlated; high extraversion tends to mean lower neuroticism. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which situation best exemplifies an individual with high openness?

Seeking out and embracing unusual and creative ways of thinking. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of high extraversion?

Prefers smaller, intimate gatherings over large social events. (A) Signup and view all the answers

An individual who enjoys taking leadership positions, tends to be active and seeks physical activity, and experiences a lot of happiness would have which facet as their highest?

High Extraversion (C) Signup and view all the answers

A person who is highly competitive and strives for professional success, while also being prone to anxiety, likely exhibits a combination of which traits?

High neuroticism and high conscientiousness. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes someone with low neuroticism?

Impulsive and lacking awareness of limits. (C) Signup and view all the answers

An individual who enjoys trying new foods, engaging with complex ideas, and appreciating art, is likely high in which personality trait?

Openness to experience (B) Signup and view all the answers

A person who values routine, stability, and traditional activities is likely characterized by which of the following?

Low openness to experience. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is most likely to be associated with high openness to experience?

An interest in debate, puzzles, and riddles. (A) Signup and view all the answers

A person who is prone to engaging in risky behaviors, and struggles with decision making due to multiple possibilities, may be demonstrating a potential drawback of which trait?

High openness to experience. (C) Signup and view all the answers

A person is described as calm, content, confident, and resilient to stress, which of the following traits does this person likely exhibit?

Low neuroticism. (A) Signup and view all the answers

An individual who is drawn to storytelling, fiction, and abstract thought is most likely exhibiting which facet of high openness to experience?

Fantasy & Creativity. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential negative outcome of having low neuroticism combined with low extraversion?

Emotional flatness. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Challenging authority and valuing chaos over order are most closely associated with which aspect of personality?

The 'Values & Authority' facet of high openness to experience. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key characteristic of the Emotionality factor in the HEXACO model, distinguishing it from the Big Five's neuroticism?

An enhanced expression of sentimentality and emotional depth. (C) Signup and view all the answers

In the HEXACO model, how does Agreeableness differ from the Big Five model's interpretation of the same trait?

It specifically incorporates the aspect of anger management and temper control. (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to the HEXACO model, what does the Extraversion personality factor primarily encompass?

The degree of social engagement and enthusiasm. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does the Conscientiousness factor in the HEXACO model specifically refer to?

The degree of goal-directed behavior and organizational skills. (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does the HEXACO model's Honesty-Humility factor relate to the concept of sincerity?

High scorers exhibit genuine behavior and openness. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior is most characteristic of low scorers in the Fairness facet of the Honesty-Humility factor?

A willingness to take advantage of others for personal gain. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What best describes individuals who score high on the Greed Avoidance aspect within the Honesty-Humility factor?

They tend to reject the pursuit of material gain. (D) Signup and view all the answers

How do individuals with low Modesty scores in the Honesty-Humility factor typically perceive themselves?

They often harbor a sense of superiority and entitlement. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is negatively correlated with the Honesty-Humility factor in the HEXACO model?

Workplace delinquency and dishonest behaviors. (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does a high score in Honesty-Humility typically relate to creativity, as shown by research on the HEXACO model?

It typically shows a negative correlation, because less risk is taken. (B) Signup and view all the answers

In the HEXACO model, which of the following is the MOST accurate description of the 'Emotionality' factor?

A general predisposition towards negative feelings, including sentimentality. (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to the HEXACO model, how is 'Agreeableness' DISTINCT from its counterpart in the Big Five model?

It includes a component of anger regulation. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement BEST explains the nature of 'Extraversion' according to the HEXACO model?

It is a measure of an individual's social engagement and level of enthusiasm. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What specific behavior is MOST indicative of high 'Conscientiousness' within the HEXACO model?

A focus on organization and goal-directed endeavors. (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to the HEXACO model, how does a high score on the 'Honesty-Humility' factor generally relate to an individual's approach to risk?

High scoring individuals tend to be more reserved and cautious, therefore reducing risk-taking. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following behaviors is LEAST likely to be associated with high conscientiousness?

Procrastinating on important tasks. (D) Signup and view all the answers

A person who is described as aggressive, callous, and manipulative is MOST likely to be exhibiting which of the following personality traits?

Low agreeableness. (C) Signup and view all the answers

An individual who frequently experiences intense feelings of anxiety, depression, and self-consciousness would likely score high in which personality domain?

Neuroticism. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential positive trait associated with low agreeableness?

Increased willingness to advocate for one's own ideas. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential negative outcome associated with extremely high conscientiousness?

Difficulty relaxing or being spontaneous. (C) Signup and view all the answers

An individual who is described as impulsive, unorganized, and lacking ambition is MOST likely exhibiting which of the following?

Low conscientiousness. (D) Signup and view all the answers

A person with a tendency to be skeptical and cynical is MOST likely to score low on which personality trait?

Agreeableness. (A) Signup and view all the answers

An individual who is described as forthright, humble, and compliant, but also struggles to set boundaries, is MOST likely exhibiting characteristics associated with which of the following?

High agreeableness with a potential lack of assertiveness. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios BEST demonstrates the behavior of an ambivert?

Finding satisfaction in both spending a night out with friends and having quiet time at home the next day. (B) Signup and view all the answers

An individual who seeks out excitement, tends to be very talkative, and actively engages in group situations may exhibit some negative characteristics EXCEPT which of the following?

Preferring quiet, independent activities. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following situations would MOST likely be challenging for someone with high agreeableness?

Participating in a situation where direct confrontation is necessary. (C) Signup and view all the answers

How might an individual scoring low in extraversion MOST likely react to attending a large networking event?

Seek out a quiet corner, or a single meaningful connection, and find it tiring eventually. (C) Signup and view all the answers

A person who is reflective, reserved, and finds peace in solitude, tends to have a low score in which facet?

Extraversion. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement BEST reflects the relationship between extraversion and neuroticism, according to the content?

High extraversion is usually associated with low neuroticism. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT typically associated with high openness to experience?

Seeking out routine and predictable activities. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a typical positive attribute of someone with high agreeableness?

Being a good friend and a generous romantic partner. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Based on the given information, what would be a potential downfall for someone with exceptionally high agreeableness?

Having trouble asserting boundaries with others. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Overview of the Big Five Personality Traits

Traits are relatively stable tendencies that influence behavior and reactions.
The lexical hypothesis suggests important traits are embedded in language.
Factor analysis identifies clusters of related traits.
Personality traits exist on a continuum.

Extraversion (E)

Characteristics: outgoing, energetic, positive emotions.
Facets: warmth, gregariousness, assertiveness, activity, excitement-seeking, positive emotions.
High Extraversion: prefers social settings, seeks excitement, enjoys attention, more likely to experience joy and happiness, can sometimes steamroll over others' opinions.

Agreeableness (A)

Characteristics: caring, cooperative, focused on positive relationships.
Facets: trust, straightforwardness, altruism, compliance, modesty, tender-mindedness.
High Agreeableness: more likely to help others, be empathetic, and form positive relationships, can be perceived as overly accommodating or submissive.

Conscientiousness (C)

Characteristics: organized, disciplined, goal-oriented.
Facets: self-discipline, orderliness, industriousness, perseverance, achievement striving, caution.
High Conscientiousness: prefers structure, is responsible, follows through on commitments, can be overly perfectionistic or rigid.

Neuroticism (N)

Characteristics: tendency to experience negative emotions (anxiety, worry, anger).
Facets: anxiety, angry hostility, depression, self-consciousness, impulsiveness, vulnerability.
High Neuroticism: frequently experiences stress, insecurity, emotional instability, prone to worry or excessive self-doubt. Also prone to mental and physical health issues and may use drugs, alcohol or medications to improve mood.

Openness to Experience (O)

Characteristics: curious, imaginative, open to new experiences.
Facets: fantasy, aesthetics, feelings, actions, ideas, values.
High Openness: enjoys exploring new ideas, cultures, and beliefs.

Big Five Facets

Each trait is broken down into 6 facets, offering a more detailed understanding of personality.
Traits exist on a continuum, not extreme ends.
Some traits are negatively correlated (e.g., Extraversion and Neuroticism).

Ambiversion: Middle Ground

Ambiverts exhibit traits from both extraversion and introversion, flexibility depending on the context.
Characteristics include being able to enjoy social situations but also value solitude.

High Agreeableness

Characteristics: trusting, sympathetic, cooperative, honest, forthright, humble, self-effacing, compliant.
Tends to be a good friend and caring romantic partner.
Linked to better mental health
Can be seen as overly accommodating or submissive.

Low Agreeableness (Disagreeable People)

Characteristics: skeptical, cynical, dishonest, aggressive, grandiose, egocentric, manipulative, callous.
More likely to engage in criminal behavior or risky actions. May have a hostile attribution bias (assuming negative intentions).

High Conscientiousness

Characteristics: High levels of willpower, self-discipline, organized, goal-oriented, hardworking, persistent in achieving objectives.
Exhibits good mental and physical health, connected to academic and professional success.
Can be rigid, lack spontaneity, difficulty with relaxation or flexibility. May be obsessive-compulsive.

Low Conscientiousness

Characteristics: impulsive, easily distracted, unorganized, lacks ambition.
More likely to give up easily, engage in risky behaviors such as drug abuse or crime .

High Neuroticism

Characteristics: experiences frequent and intense negative emotions (anger, depression, anxiety, shame, self-consciousness).
Prone to mental and physical health issues and may use drugs, alcohol, or medications to improve mood
May struggle with decision-making due to overwhelming possibilities.

Low Neuroticism

Characteristics: calm, content, confident, optimistic, resilient to stress.
Lower neuroticism may lead to impulsive behavior or lack of awareness of limits. May appear uncaring emotionally

High Openness to Experience

Characteristics: enjoys trying new things, engages with complex ideas, appreciates art, creativity and unconventional ideas.
Values diverse value systems, tends to be politically liberal, interested in social activism, views reality as dull, seeks imaginative elements.

Low Openness to Experience

Characteristics: prefers routine, stability, and familiar environments, values the status quo and traditional activities.
Adheres to conventional norms and resists change, sees the world as it is.

HEXACO: Six-Factor Trait Theory

Expands the Big Five by adding Honesty-Humility.
Six factors: Honesty-Humility, Emotionality, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Openness to Experience.
Honesty-Humility: willing to put others' interests above self-interest. Sincerity, fairness, greed avoidance, modesty.
Notable correlations in HEXACO:
- Negative correlations with dark triad traits (narcissism, psychopathy, Machiavellianism)
- Positive correlations with employee integrity, agreeableness
- Interests-related negative correlation (high in honesty-humility negatively correlated to creativity) Also negatively correlated with displaced aggression, vengefulness, sensation seeking, and reckless behavior. Positive correlation with employee integrity

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Explore the Big Five Personality Traits, which include Extraversion and Agreeableness. This quiz will cover the characteristics, facets, and effects of being high or low in these traits. Understand how these traits influence behavior and relationships.