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The axons of the olfactory neurons extend into the olfactory bulb, which is located on the dorsal surface of the frontal lobe.
The axons of the olfactory neurons extend into the olfactory bulb, which is located on the dorsal surface of the frontal lobe.
False
There are a total of six basic tastes recognized in human gustation.
There are a total of six basic tastes recognized in human gustation.
False
Taste receptor cells are exclusively found on the surface of the tongue.
Taste receptor cells are exclusively found on the surface of the tongue.
False
Papillae on the tongue help contain taste buds responsible for detecting different taste stimuli.
Papillae on the tongue help contain taste buds responsible for detecting different taste stimuli.
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The neurotransmitter released by gustatory cells can activate sensory neurons in the facial and glossopharyngeal cranial nerves.
The neurotransmitter released by gustatory cells can activate sensory neurons in the facial and glossopharyngeal cranial nerves.
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Amiloride-sensitive sodium channels are used in the transduction mechanism for the taste of bitterness.
Amiloride-sensitive sodium channels are used in the transduction mechanism for the taste of bitterness.
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Vallate, foliate, and fungiform are the three types of membranes found on the tongue.
Vallate, foliate, and fungiform are the three types of membranes found on the tongue.
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The outer segments of rod photoreceptors contain a pigment called rhodopsin that is sensitive to blue light.
The outer segments of rod photoreceptors contain a pigment called rhodopsin that is sensitive to blue light.
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When sodium concentration outside the taste receptor cell increases, sodium ions diffuse into the cell due to the concentration gradient.
When sodium concentration outside the taste receptor cell increases, sodium ions diffuse into the cell due to the concentration gradient.
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Phototransduction begins with a process called photoisomerization when a photoreceptor cell is exposed to light.
Phototransduction begins with a process called photoisomerization when a photoreceptor cell is exposed to light.
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There are four types of photopsins in cone cells, each sensitive to different colors.
There are four types of photopsins in cone cells, each sensitive to different colors.
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Rods are adapted for vision in low-light conditions whereas cones are active in brighter light conditions.
Rods are adapted for vision in low-light conditions whereas cones are active in brighter light conditions.
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When opsins are bleached, photoreceptor cells can still respond to light energy.
When opsins are bleached, photoreceptor cells can still respond to light energy.
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The optic chiasm is located at the end of the optic nerve where it becomes the optic tract.
The optic chiasm is located at the end of the optic nerve where it becomes the optic tract.
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The inner segment of the photoreceptor cell is responsible for photoreception.
The inner segment of the photoreceptor cell is responsible for photoreception.
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Vision in a darkened room relies entirely on the function of cone cells.
Vision in a darkened room relies entirely on the function of cone cells.
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The auricle, or pinna, is made of elastic cartilage covered with thick skin.
The auricle, or pinna, is made of elastic cartilage covered with thick skin.
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The middle ear contains three bones known as the ossicles: malleus, incus, and stapes.
The middle ear contains three bones known as the ossicles: malleus, incus, and stapes.
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Ceruminous glands secrete a liquid used primarily for hydration of the ear canal.
Ceruminous glands secrete a liquid used primarily for hydration of the ear canal.
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The Eustachian tube connects the middle ear to the throat.
The Eustachian tube connects the middle ear to the throat.
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The cochlea is responsible for both hearing and balance.
The cochlea is responsible for both hearing and balance.
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Sound vibrations are transmitted from the tympanic membrane through the oval window into the scala tympani.
Sound vibrations are transmitted from the tympanic membrane through the oval window into the scala tympani.
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The organ of Corti is located within the scala media and is responsible for transducing sound into neural signals.
The organ of Corti is located within the scala media and is responsible for transducing sound into neural signals.
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The round window is positioned at the beginning of the cochlea.
The round window is positioned at the beginning of the cochlea.
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The fovea is the region of the retina where visual acuity is the least.
The fovea is the region of the retina where visual acuity is the least.
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Accommodation refers to the ability of the eye lens to change its shape to focus light.
Accommodation refers to the ability of the eye lens to change its shape to focus light.
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Myopia is corrected with a convex lens.
Myopia is corrected with a convex lens.
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The cornea refracts less light than the lens due to its shape.
The cornea refracts less light than the lens due to its shape.
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The retina contains photoreceptors that are essential for visual processing.
The retina contains photoreceptors that are essential for visual processing.
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The pupil constricts to let in more light under bright conditions.
The pupil constricts to let in more light under bright conditions.
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Hyperopia is when the light is focused in front of the retina.
Hyperopia is when the light is focused in front of the retina.
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There are six extraocular muscles that control eye movement within the orbit.
There are six extraocular muscles that control eye movement within the orbit.
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The saccule and utricle contain structures known as maculae that are oriented 90 degrees to one another.
The saccule and utricle contain structures known as maculae that are oriented 90 degrees to one another.
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Otoliths are primarily composed of water and lipids.
Otoliths are primarily composed of water and lipids.
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The semicircular canals are responsible for detecting linear acceleration.
The semicircular canals are responsible for detecting linear acceleration.
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The ampulla contains the crista ampullaris, which responds to linear movements of the head.
The ampulla contains the crista ampullaris, which responds to linear movements of the head.
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Each of the three semicircular canals is oriented in a different plane.
Each of the three semicircular canals is oriented in a different plane.
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When the head turns, the fluid in the semicircular canals moves faster than the head itself.
When the head turns, the fluid in the semicircular canals moves faster than the head itself.
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The orientation of the vertical semicircular canals is 45 degrees off the sagittal plane.
The orientation of the vertical semicircular canals is 45 degrees off the sagittal plane.
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Stereocilia in the vestibular system are involved in sensing acceleration and gravity.
Stereocilia in the vestibular system are involved in sensing acceleration and gravity.
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The organ of Corti contains hair cells with microvilli on their apical membrane.
The organ of Corti contains hair cells with microvilli on their apical membrane.
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Higher frequencies cause the basilar membrane to move closer to the apex of the cochlea.
Higher frequencies cause the basilar membrane to move closer to the apex of the cochlea.
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The cochlea encodes auditory stimuli within a frequency range of 25 to 25,000 Hz.
The cochlea encodes auditory stimuli within a frequency range of 25 to 25,000 Hz.
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Static equilibrium is the detection of head position when the body is stationary.
Static equilibrium is the detection of head position when the body is stationary.
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Auditory information is transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve.
Auditory information is transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve.
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Loudness is determined by the number of hair cells stimulated in the cochlea.
Loudness is determined by the number of hair cells stimulated in the cochlea.
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The semicircular canals are responsible for detecting static equilibrium.
The semicircular canals are responsible for detecting static equilibrium.
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The primary auditory cortex is located in the frontal lobe of the brain.
The primary auditory cortex is located in the frontal lobe of the brain.
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Study Notes
Special Senses Overview
- Students will be able to describe the eye and vision, the chemical senses (smell and taste), and the ear.
Lecture Outline
- The eye and vision
- Chemical senses: smell
- Chemical senses: taste
- The ear
The Eye and Vision
- Eyes are located within the skull orbits, providing protection and anchoring for supporting tissues.
- Eyelids and lashes protect the eye from abrasions.
- Conjunctiva is a mucus membrane covering the eye's inner surface.
- Tears are produced by lacrimal glands, washing away particles.
- Tears flow through nasolacrimal ducts to the nasal cavity.
- The eye is a hollow sphere composed of three layers: fibrous tunic (sclera and cornea), vascular tunic (choroid), and neural tunic(retina). The sclera accounts for most of the fibrous tunic and is not visible.
- The cornea is the transparent anterior portion allowing light to pass through.
- The vascular tunic is composed of the choroid, supplying blood. The ciliary body focuses light onto the retina.
- The iris regulates light entry through the pupil.
- The Retina is the innermost layer, containing photoreceptors (rods and cones).
- The macula lutea is a spot where visual acuity is highest (the fovea).
- The optic disc is the blind spot.
- The eye is divided into anterior and posterior chambers.
- The anterior chamber is between the cornea and iris, filled with aqueous humor.
- The posterior chamber is between the iris and lens, also filled with aqueous humor.
- The vitreous chamber is behind the lens, filled with vitreous humor.
- Eye movement is controlled by six extraocular muscles.
- Accommodation is the process the lens uses to change shape, focusing light on the retina.
- The cornea and lens refract light rays.
- The retina located at the back of the eye, converts light into signals.
- Photoreceptors convert light into signals processed by ganglion cells.
Chemical Senses: Smell
- Olfaction (sense of smell) occurs when odors bind to receptors in the nasal cavity.
- Olfactory receptor neurons are in the superior nasal cavity (olfactory epithelium).
- Odorants dissolve in mucus, stimulating olfactory cilia.
- Olfactory axons pass through the cribriform plate to the olfactory bulb.
- Smell is complex, with thousands of odor molecules potentially triggering different combinations.
- Dissolved odorants stimulate olfactory receptors via G-Protein.
- Receptor cells release neurotransmitters to sensory neurons.
- Olfactory signals are processed through olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, limbic cortex, and olfactory cortex.
Chemical Senses: Taste
- Gustation (sense of taste) involves dissolved molecules interacting with taste buds.
- Basic tastes: sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami.
- Taste buds are located in papillae on the tongue's surface.
- Taste stimuli are dissolved in saliva, activating receptor cells in taste buds.
- Receptor cells release neurotransmitters to sensory neurons, sending signals to the brain.
- Taste information is processed through sensory neurons, the medulla, thalamus, and gustatory cortex of the brain.
The Ear
- The ear is the organ for hearing and balance, with three major areas: external, middle, and inner ear.
- External ear includes the pinna (auricle) and auditory canal (external acoustic meatus).
- Cerumen (earwax) traps foreign matter and deters insects.
- The middle ear contains ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) that amplify vibrations from the Tympanic membrane (eardrum) and transmit them to the inner ear.
- The inner ear contains the cochlea, responsible for hearing.
- The cochlea is filled with fluid, vibrations cause the basilar membrane to move, stimulating hair cells.
- Hair cells convert vibrations to electrical signals for the brain.
- Vestibular apparatus (utricle, saccule, semicircular canals) are responsible for balance.
- The vestibular apparatus contains hair cells that detect head position and movement.
- Hair cells send signals to the brainstem and cerebellum for balance control.
- Auditory transduction occurs in the Organ of Corti within the cochlea, and is processed in the brainstem and primary auditory cortex of the temporal lobe of the brain.
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Description
This quiz covers the special senses, focusing on the anatomy and functions of the eye, chemical senses like smell and taste, and the ear. Students will explore the structures and roles of these sensory organs and understand how they contribute to perception. Test your knowledge on the intricacies of human senses.
