Anatomy Flashcards - Eye Test Chapter 8

Questions and Answers

Is it true that no one can possibly have better than 20/20 vision?

False

What causes astigmatism?

The lens is irregularly shaped, causing light to refract all over the eye and not focus, causing blurry images.

List two circumstances in which it is important to be aware of your blind spots.

Driving and contact sports.

What can be inferred about the development of color perception deficiency?

It is passed down through DNA and genetics, making it more likely for individuals with affected family members to have the condition. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the specific roles of rods and cones in the eye.

Rods function in dim light and cones function with colors. There are red cones, green cones, and blue cones. Signup and view all the answers

What is accommodation in the eye?

Accommodation is when the lens changes shape to be able to focus. Signup and view all the answers

As you age, will your near point increase or decrease?

It will increase. Signup and view all the answers

List several activities where the near point is important.

Working on the computer and playing sports. Signup and view all the answers

In which situations do you rely on your peripheral vision?

Basketball, driving, teaching, lifeguarding. Signup and view all the answers

Why might driving be dangerous for someone with poor depth perception?

They would have difficulty knowing exactly how far away from something to stop. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of fatty tissue in the eye?

It functions like a cushion if the eye is hit by an object. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the superior rectus muscle?

It elevates the eye and turns it medially. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the inferior rectus muscle?

It depresses the eye and turns it medially. Signup and view all the answers

What does the lateral rectus muscle do?

It moves the eye laterally. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the medial rectus muscle?

It moves the eye medially. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the superior oblique muscle?

It depresses the eye and turns it laterally. Signup and view all the answers

What does the inferior oblique muscle do?

It elevates the eye and turns it laterally. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the sclera?

Protection. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the optic nerve?

Carries visual information to the brain. Signup and view all the answers

The _______ is the clear outer layer at the front of the eye.

cornea Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of aqueous humor?

Helps maintain intraocular pressure. Signup and view all the answers

What does the pupil do?

Allows light to enter the eye. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the iris?

Regulates the amount of light entering the eye. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the lens?

Focuses light on the retina. Signup and view all the answers

What do ciliary muscles do?

Attach the lens to the ciliary body. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the vitreous humor?

Maintain eye shape. Signup and view all the answers

What does the retina contain?

Two photosensitive cells; rods and cones. Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of the blind spot?

Where the optic nerve and blood vessels leave the eyeball. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of rods?

Ability to see dim light. Signup and view all the answers

What do cones enable in the eye?

Ability to see color. Signup and view all the answers

What does the tapetum lucidum do?

Enables animals to see in low light. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the choroid layer?

Prevents light from scattering. Signup and view all the answers

What does the fovea centralis contain?

Cones, point of sharpest vision. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the lacrimal apparatus?

Protects, moistens, and lubricates the eye. Signup and view all the answers

What do lacrimal secretions (tears) contain?

Dilute salt solutions, mucus, antibodies, lysozyme. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of lysozyme?

Enzyme that kills bacteria. Signup and view all the answers

What is the fibrous layer of the eye?

Tough and protective outer layer of the eye. Signup and view all the answers

What is the vascular layer of the eye?

Contains blood vessels, middle layer of the eye. Signup and view all the answers

What is the sensory layer of the eye?

Contains receptors that transmit visual information. Signup and view all the answers

What is atrimatrism?

Uneven curvature of the cornea and lens. Signup and view all the answers

What is emmetropia?

Normal vision where the eye focuses images correctly on the retina. Signup and view all the answers

What is myopia?

Near sighted where distant objects appear blurry. Signup and view all the answers

What is hyperopia?

Far sightedness. Signup and view all the answers

What is presbyopia?

Impaired vision as a result of aging. Signup and view all the answers

What is night blindness?

Inhibited rod function that hinders the ability to see at night. Signup and view all the answers

What is color blindness?

Genetic conditions resulting in the inability to see certain colors. Signup and view all the answers

What causes cataracts?

Clouding of the lens. Signup and view all the answers

What is glaucoma?

Condition where the drainage of aqueous humor is blocked. Signup and view all the answers

What is the photopupillary reflex?

Pupils immediately constrict when exposed to bright light. Signup and view all the answers

What is the accommodation pupillary reflex?

Pupils constrict when viewing close objects. Signup and view all the answers

What is astigmatism?

Unequal curvatures in different parts of the cornea or lens. Signup and view all the answers

What is the near point?

The closest point that the eye can focus on the retina. Signup and view all the answers

What causes poor vision related to eye shape?

Light refraction from the lens does not focus the focal point on the retina. Signup and view all the answers

What is convergence?

A binocular cue for perceiving depth; the extent of the eyes converging inward. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Visual Acuity

Perfect vision is represented by 20/20 on the Snellen Eye chart, but better vision, like 20/15, is possible.

Astigmatism

Caused by irregular lens shape, leading to scattered light and blurry images.

Blind Spot

Important to be aware of during activities like driving and contact sports.

Color Vision

Color perception deficiencies are often genetic and linked to the X chromosome.
A color-blind male and color-blind female will have a color-blind daughter.

Rods and Cones

Rods are responsible for dim light vision, while cones detect colors, being classified into red, green, and blue cones.

Accommodation

The lens changes shape to focus, aided by the ciliary muscles which move the lens for focusing.

Near Point

As age increases, the near point—the closest focus distance—also increases due to lens deterioration.

Importance of Near Point

Relevant during tasks such as computer work and sports activities.

Peripheral Vision

Heavily relied upon in situations like driving, basketball, teaching, and lifeguarding.

Depth Perception

Poor depth perception can lead to hazards in driving, affecting distance judgment.

Fatty Tissue

Acts as a cushion for the eye, located around it for protection.

Eye Muscles

Superior rectus elevates and turns the eye medially; inferior rectus depresses and turns it medially; lateral rectus moves it laterally; medial rectus moves it medially; superior oblique depresses and turns it laterally; and inferior oblique elevates and turns it laterally.

Sclera

White protective outer layer that extends from the cornea to the optic nerve.

Optic Nerve

Transmits visual information from the eye to the brain.

Cornea

Clear outer layer that allows light to enter the eye.

Aqueous Humor

Maintains intraocular pressure, located between the lens and cornea.

Pupil and Iris

The pupil, situated at the center of the iris, allows light entry; the iris regulates light levels entering the eye.

Lens

Focuses light onto the retina and is located behind the iris.

Ciliary Muscles

Connect the lens to the ciliary body and assist in lens shape alteration.

Vitreous Humor

Maintains the eye's shape, located behind the lens and in front of the retina.

Retina

Contains rods and cones, line the inner surface of the eye for light sensitivity.

Blind Spot

The area where the optic nerve exits, lacking photoreceptors.

Rods and Cones

Rods facilitate dim light vision, while cones allow for color vision, predominantly found in the fovea centralis.

Tapetum Lucidum

Enables night vision by reflecting light, found behind the retina in some animals.

Choroid Layer

Prevents light scattering, located between the sclera and retina, containing blood vessels.

Fovea Centralis

Point of sharpest vision, containing a high density of cones.

Lacrimal Apparatus

Protects, moistens, and lubricates the eye; drains into the nasal cavity.

Lacrimal Secretion

Composed of dilute salt solutions, mucus, antibodies, and lysozyme.

Lysozyme

An enzyme that combats bacterial infection.

Eye Layers

The fibrous layer protects the eye, the vascular layer contains blood vessels, and the sensory layer includes receptors for visual transmission.

Common Vision Conditions

Atrimatrism: uneven curvature of cornea/lens; Emmetropia: normal vision focusing; Myopia: nearsightedness; Hyperopia: farsightedness; Presbyopia: age-related farsightedness; Night blindness: impaired rod function; Color blindness: genetic inability to perceive certain colors; Cataracts: clouded lens; Glaucoma: blocked aqueous humor drainage that raises intraocular pressure.

Reflexes

Photopupillary reflex: pupils constrict in bright light; accommodation pupillary reflex: pupils constrict when focusing on nearby objects.

Convergence

A depth perception cue based on the inward angle of the eyes when focusing on close objects.

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Description

Explore the key concepts of visual acuity and astigmatism with these anatomy flashcards. This quiz will test your understanding of how these conditions affect vision and the anatomy of the eye. Perfect for students studying anatomy or preparing for exams.