Overview of Psychopathology Lecture 1
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Questions and Answers

What does the term 'psychopathology' primarily refer to?

  • A narrow classification of mental disorders
  • A stigmatizing label for abnormal behavior
  • Only DSM-based mental disorders
  • Signs and symptoms associated with mental illness (correct)

Which element is NOT considered a part of psychopathology?

  • Suffering
  • Maladaptation
  • Psychological Thriving (correct)
  • Statistical Deviancy

What is a significant disadvantage of classifying mental disorders?

  • Improved understanding of mental conditions
  • Enhanced diagnostic reliability
  • Increased stigma and stereotyping (correct)
  • Reduction in over diagnosis

How does 'prevalence' differ from 'incidence' in mental health studies?

<p>Prevalence refers to all cases at a given time, while incidence refers to new cases over a time period. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the DSM?

<p>To serve as the standard for diagnosis in healthcare (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes 'lifetime morbid risk'?

<p>The proportion of individuals in a population who will develop a condition in their lifetime (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the equation P=G+E signify in relation to psychopathology?

<p>The interaction of genetics and environmental factors in health (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of experimental design is characterized by manipulation occurring naturally?

<p>Quasi-experimental design (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom associated with increased arousal as per Criterion E?

<p>Irritable or aggressive behavior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum duration of disturbance required for diagnosis under Criterion F?

<p>More than 1 month (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor considered social determinants of stress?

<p>High intelligence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a passive gene-environment correlation affect behavior?

<p>It occurs when genes and environment are linked but does not directly cause changes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In psychological assessment, which method is generally used to gather history?

<p>Clinical History (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of psychological test involves open-ended questions?

<p>Projective tests (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which anxiety disorder is characterized by excessive fear of social situations?

<p>Social anxiety disorder (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a hallmark symptom of a major depressive episode?

<p>Suicidal ideation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which assessment tool is primarily used for measuring personality?

<p>Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Bipolar 1 from Bipolar 2 disorder?

<p>At least one manic episode (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines pathological anxiety compared to normal anxiety?

<p>Can be present without genuine threats (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential part of differential diagnosis in anxiety assessments?

<p>Comparative analysis with mood disorders (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical outcome for individuals with a higher risk for depression according to learned helplessness theory?

<p>Prolonged reluctance to attempt change (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the combination of genetic and environmental factors that contribute to mental illness?

<p>Diathesis stress (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following genetic effects refers to the influence of alleles taken singly across multiple loci?

<p>Additive genetic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between a shared environment and a non-shared environment?

<p>Shared environment contributes to sibling similarities, while non-shared contributes to differences (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What psychological perspective analyzes only observable behavior?

<p>Behavioral perspective (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which response system is related to the production of glucocorticoids during stress?

<p>Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal axis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept describes the wear and tear on the body due to chronic dysregulation of stress responses?

<p>Allostatic load (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of conditioning is described where a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus?

<p>Fear conditioning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of stressors that includes how long they last?

<p>Chronicity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of stress response is characterized by the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine?

<p>Sympathetic-Adrenomedullary System (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a stressor?

<p>Inflexibility (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of disorder is characterized by a maladaptive response to a common stressor occurring within three months?

<p>Adjustment disorder (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term heritability refer to in the context of phenotypic variance?

<p>The degree to which genetic differences account for phenotypic differences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a maladaptive reaction to trauma, resulting from exposure to a traumatic event?

<p>Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of anorexia nervosa?

<p>Intense fear of gaining weight (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes bulimia nervosa?

<p>Binge eating with compensatory behaviors at least once a week (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT typically associated with schizophrenia?

<p>High levels of physical energy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Criterion A for schizophrenia require?

<p>Presence of two or more positive symptoms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of symptoms are delusions and hallucinations categorized as in schizophrenia?

<p>Positive symptoms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In treatment for schizophrenia, what is a characteristic of atypical antipsychotics?

<p>They tend to have fewer side effects than first-generation antipsychotics. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common outcome of excessive purging in individuals with bulimia nervosa?

<p>Electrolyte imbalance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a recommended intervention for a patient with suicidal behavior?

<p>Encourage isolation to minimize distress (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about eating disorders is true?

<p>Bulimia is characterized by inappropriate compensatory behaviors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to the treatment resistance often seen in individuals with anorexia nervosa?

<p>High levels of perfectionism and hypercritical attitudes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a motor symptom in schizophrenia?

<p>Catatonia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the prodromal phase of schizophrenia?

<p>A period before the onset of overt symptoms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of social skills training in the treatment of schizophrenia?

<p>Group therapy for learning interpersonal skills (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of drug use disorder is similar to alcohol use disorder?

<p>Clearing evidence from model organisms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Psychopathology

The study of mental disorders and their causes, symptoms, and treatments.

Classification in Psychopathology

The use of categories and labels to classify mental disorders based on their shared characteristics.

DSM

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. A widely used guide for diagnosing mental disorders.

Incidence

The number of new cases of a disorder within a specific time period.

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Prevalence

The total number of cases of a disorder in a population at a given time.

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Lifetime Morbidity Risk

The probability of developing a disorder over a lifetime.

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Experimental Design

A research design where an independent variable is manipulated by the researcher, allowing cause-and-effect relationships to be investigated.

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Quasi-experimental Design

A research design where the independent variable is manipulated by natural occurrences, not by the researcher.

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Diathesis-Stress Model

The combination of genetic predisposition and environmental stress that contributes to the development of mental illness.

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Genetic Variation (Locus)

A location on a chromosome where variations in alleles occur, leading to different genotypes in individuals.

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Polygenetic Influence

Vulnerability to mental illness arises from the influence of multiple genes working together.

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Monogenic Influence

Mental illness is caused by one or a few genes.

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Additive Genetic Effect

The sum of the effects of each individual allele across different gene locations.

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Dominance Genetic Effect

The combined effect of alleles within a single gene location, aggregated across multiple gene locations.

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Epistasis Genetic Effect

The interactive effects of alleles across multiple gene locations.

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Shared Environment

Environmental factors that contribute to similarities between siblings.

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Non-Shared Environment

Environmental factors that cause differences between siblings.

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Measurement Error

Errors in measuring a trait and short-term fluctuations in the trait itself.

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Phenotypic Variance

The differences in a trait observed among individuals in a population.

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Heritability

The proportion of variation in a trait that can be attributed to genetic differences among individuals in a study.

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Psychodynamic Perspective

A psychological perspective emphasizing unconscious drives and motivations that influence behavior.

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Behavioral Perspective

A psychological perspective that focuses on observable behavior and its conditioning history.

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Classical Fear Conditioning

A type of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus, eliciting a conditioned response.

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PTSD Diagnostic Criteria

A set of criteria used to diagnose PTSD. It includes exposure to a traumatic event, intrusive symptoms, avoidance, negative changes in thoughts and feelings, and symptoms of increased arousal.

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Risk Factors for PTSD

Experiences that can contribute to the development of mental health issues, particularly PTSD.

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Gene-Environment Correlation (G-E)

The relationship between genetic predisposition and environmental experiences. It describes how genes can influence the likelihood of exposure to certain environments.

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Active G-E Correlation

A form of G-E correlation where an individual's genetic makeup leads to the selection of a specific environment. For example, someone genetically predisposed to athleticism might be more likely to participate in sports.

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Reactive G-E Correlation

A form of G-E correlation where an individual's genetic makeup leads to a reaction from their environment. For example, a child with a genetic predisposition for aggression might provoke more negative responses from their parents.

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Passive G-E Correlation

A form of G-E correlation where an individual's genetic makeup is due to their shared environment with their parents. For example, a child genetically predisposed to athleticism might also grow up in an environment that encourages sports.

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Clinical Assessment

The process of gathering information about an individual's presenting problem, history, symptoms, and other relevant factors for the purpose of diagnosis and treatment planning.

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Diagnostic Classification

The process of classifying and labeling mental disorders based on a set of standardized criteria. It involves identifying patterns of symptoms that meet diagnostic criteria.

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Categorical Approach

A symptom-based approach to classifying mental disorders, where the presence or absence of specific symptoms determines the diagnosis.

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

An anxiety disorder characterized by persistent and excessive worry about a variety of events or situations.

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Panic Disorder

An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent unexpected panic attacks, which are abrupt surges of intense fear with physical symptoms.

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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

An anxiety disorder characterized by persistent thoughts, urges, or images that are intrusive and unwanted, leading to repetitive behaviors intended to reduce distress.

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Exposure Therapy

A type of therapy for anxiety disorders that involves gradually exposing the individual to the feared stimulus or situation in a safe and controlled environment.

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Mood Disorders

A range of mental disorders characterized by abnormalities in mood, such as depression and mania.

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Major Depressive Episode

A mood episode characterized by intense sadness, loss of interest, feelings of worthlessness, and physical symptoms.

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Dysthymia

A mood disorder involving periods of depression that are less severe but more persistent than in major depressive disorder.

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Schizophrenia

A severe mental health disorder characterized by distorted thinking, perceptions, and emotions, often leading to significant social and occupational dysfunction.

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Prodrome

A period before the onset of schizophrenia symptoms, marked by subtle changes in behavior or personality.

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Onset

The stage when schizophrenia symptoms first become noticeable and manifest.

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Recovery

The process of recovering from schizophrenia and managing symptoms.

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Disorganized Thinking

An abnormal thought process characterized by difficulty organizing or connecting thoughts logically.

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Neologism

Making up new words or phrases in schizophrenia.

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Clanging

Speech patterns in schizophrenia where words are chosen based on their sound, not meaning.

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Tangentiality

A pattern in schizophrenia where thoughts go off-topic, drifting away from the main idea.

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Loose Associations

A thought process in schizophrenia where ideas are loosely connected, jumping from one to another without clear logic.

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Word Salad

Speech in schizophrenia that is incoherent and incomprehensible, like a confused salad of words.

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Delusions

False beliefs firmly held in schizophrenia, despite evidence to the contrary.

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Persecutory Delusions

Delusions that involve believing one is being persecuted or threatened.

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Grandiose Delusions

Delusions of inflated self-importance or grandeur in schizophrenia.

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Religious Delusions

Delusions involving religious themes in schizophrenia.

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Delusions of Reference

Delusions where an individual believes that seemingly unrelated events are specifically directed towards them in schizophrenia.

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Delusions of Control

Delusions that involve believing one's thoughts or actions are being controlled by external forces in schizophrenia.

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Alogia

A lack of speech or limited speech production in schizophrenia.

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Hallucinations

Sensory experiences that occur without an external stimulus in schizophrenia.

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Auditory Hallucinations

Auditory hallucinations, the most common type in schizophrenia.

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Visual Hallucinations

Visual hallucinations, ranging from mild to severe, in schizophrenia.

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Flat Affect

A lack of outward expression of emotion in schizophrenia.

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Anhedonia

The inability to experience pleasure in schizophrenia.

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Psychomotor Disturbances/Catatonia

Disturbances in movement, including slowness, rigidity, or repetitive behaviors, seen in schizophrenia.

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Positive Symptoms

Symptoms of schizophrenia that involve an excess or distortion of normal functions

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Negative Symptoms

Symptoms of schizophrenia that involve a decrease or absence of normal functions

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Neuroleptics

Medication used to treat schizophrenia, often 1st generation antipsychotics.

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Study Notes

Psychopathology Lecture Notes

  • Lecture 1: Overview of Psychopathology

    • Descriptive psychopathology focuses on signs and symptoms associated with mental illness. Abnormal behavior is often stigmatized, but psychopathology is a more neutral term.
    • The elements of psychopathology include suffering, maladaptation, statistical deviancy, and other factors.
    • DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) is the standard diagnostic tool in healthcare. DSM categories are descriptive, concrete, and problematic.
    • DSM-III-Reliability differentiates between mental disorders (classified by DSM) and psychopathology (a broader term encompassing various behaviors and suffering).
    • Concrete definitions prevent psychologists from over-diagnosing.

  • Lecture 2

    • Classification of psychological disorders has disadvantages, including stigma, stereotyping, and potential blame placed on individuals instead of the disorder itself.
    • Incorrect classification systems can be problematic.
    • Incidence refers to the proportion of new cases within a specific period (e.g., one year).
    • Prevalence refers to the proportion of individuals affected at a given time (all cases).

  • Etiology 1: Genes and Environment (P=G+E)

    • Genes influence brain structure, which can lead to psychological symptoms.
    • Diathesis-stress model combines genetic vulnerabilities and environmental factors as influences on mental illness.
    • Genetic variation within a person, and from person to person, can lead to different phenotypes (or observable traits).
    • Polygenetic influences mean many genes contribute to vulnerability and monogenetic is a single genetic influence.

  • Etiology 2: Biometrics

    • Additive genetic effects of alleles are considered individually.
    • Dominance genetic effects are considered with combinations of alleles within a locus.
    • Epistasis genetic effects are complex interactions of allele combinations across different loci.
    • Shared Environment effects contribute to sibling similarities, while non-shared effects contribute to differences.
    • Measurement errors in phenotype and short-term stability may impact phenotypic variance.
    • Heritability describes the extent of phenotypic variance due to genetic differences.
    • Genetic influences aren't necessarily fixed or predetermined.

  • Etiology 3: Psychodynamic and Behavioral Perspectives

    • Psychodynamic perspective focuses on unconscious behaviors driving conscious behavior.
    • Behavioral perspective focuses on observable behaviors and conditioned responses (via classical fear conditioning).

  • Stress and Psychopathology

    • Stressors can be positive and negative.
    • Coping strategies, effective management of negative events is what defines the health of the individual, adaptive or toxic.
    • Allostatic load – refers to the physical and mental stress response from chronic dysregulation.
    • Specific stressors and their effect on the body are significant.

  • Symptom Criteria:

    • Various criteria (e.g., intrusive thoughts, avoidance behaviors, maladaptive emotions) for classifying anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, or eating disorders are detailed.

  • Mood Disorders

    • Symptoms of depression and mania are discussed.
    • Chronic conditions require ongoing support, such as individual and group therapy.
    • Gender differences exist in suicidal ideation and behavior.

  • Clinical assessment and diagnosis:

    • Methods for gathering information about behaviors, symptoms, and history are detailed along with assessment strategies.

  • Personality Tests

    • Different types of personality tests, including projective and objective tests, and their application are detailed.

  • Schizophrenia:

    • Defining features, such as disturbed thought patterns, delusions, hallucinations, and flattened emotions, are outlined along with potential treatments and associated factors.

  • Anxiety Disorders:

    • Differentiating different anxiety disorders, such as panic disorder, social anxiety, and generalized anxiety etc., based on criteria, symptoms and triggers are discussed along with their treatment options.

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Intro to Psychopathology PDF

Description

Explore the foundational concepts of psychopathology, including the elements that define mental illness and the significance of diagnostic tools like the DSM. This quiz focuses on the categories and classifications of psychological disorders and their implications. Test your understanding of the nuanced aspects of mental health and the importance of accurate definitions in diagnosis.

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