Overview of Organic Compounds
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Questions and Answers

What are the four main categories of organic molecules?

  • Lipids, Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic Acids (correct)
  • Fats, Oils, Sugars, Starches
  • Monomers, Polymers, Macromolecules, Biochemicals
  • Enzymes, Hormones, Steroids, Waxes

    • What is the simplest organic compound?

    CH4 (methane)

    What is the most complex organic compound?

  • CH4 (methane)
  • DNA (correct)
  • Glucose
  • Water

    • What is the ability of an element to form chains and/or rings of covalently bonded atoms called?

    <p>Catenation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diamond is the hardest material known to humankind.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of graphite in daily life?

    <p>Pencil lead</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemical formula for the simplest alkane?

    <p>CH4 (methane)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general molecular formula for alkanes?

    <p>CnH2n+2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Unsaturated hydrocarbons contain only single bonds between carbon atoms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name for compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements?

    <p>Isomers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural formula defines the number and types of atoms in a molecule and shows the bonding arrangement?

    <p>Structural Formula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hydrocarbons are composed solely of carbon and hydrogen?

    <p>Hydrocarbons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hydrocarbons are formed by dehydration synthesis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What functional group is characterized by a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and a single bond to a hydrogen atom, located at the end of a carbon chain?

    <p>Carbonyl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The functional group that defines the structure of a family of compounds and determines its properties is called a ______.

    <p>functional group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What functional group is polar, attracts water, and is characteristic of alcohols?

    <p>Hydroxyl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name for the chemical reaction that involves breaking down a polymer by adding a water molecule?

    <p>Hydrolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name for the chemical reaction that involves building up large molecules by releasing a water molecule?

    <p>Dehydration Synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a carbohydrate.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three components of a nucleotide?

    <p>A 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nitrogenous bases are found in DNA?

    <p>Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nitrogenous base is found in RNA but NOT in DNA?

    <p>Uracil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond connects two nucleotides in a nucleic acid polymer?

    <p>Phosphodiester bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DNA is a single-stranded helix.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the type of bond that connects a sugar to a nitrogenous base in a nucleotide?

    <p>N-glycosidic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond is responsible for the specific pairing of nitrogenous bases in DNA?

    <p>Hydrogen bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins?

    <p>Storing genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specific region on an enzyme where a substrate binds?

    <p>Active site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to an enzyme when it loses its active conformation?

    <p>It becomes inactive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of joining monomers to form polymers is called ______ synthesis.

    <p>dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a polysaccharide?

    <p>Starch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lipids are hydrophilic.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the monomers that make up lipids?

    <p>Glycerol and fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name for the type of lipid that is a long fatty acid chain joined to an alcohol chain?

    <p>Waxes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Unsaturated fatty acids contain only single bonds between carbon atoms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen?

    <p>Hydrogenation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Trans fats are considered to be healthier than saturated fats.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of proteins in living organisms?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name for the bond that links amino acids together in a polypeptide?

    <p>Peptide bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary structure of a protein refers to the three-dimensional folding of the polypeptide chain.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of protein helps to fight against disease-causing organisms?

    <p>Antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the protein responsible for carrying oxygen in the blood?

    <p>Hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The tertiary structure of a protein is determined by the interactions between the R groups of the amino acids.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that affects the activity of an enzyme?

    <p>Presence of light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the process by which an enzyme loses its active conformation and becomes inactive?

    <p>Denaturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most enzymes function best within a narrow range of pH values.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Carbon Compounds Overview

    • Organic compounds contain carbon bonded to hydrogen and oxygen, or are inorganic.
    • The chemistry of carbon is the chemistry of life.
    • There are 11 million carbon compounds.
    • Key elements in organic compounds are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sometimes sulfur.

    Categories of Organic Molecules

    • Lipids: Fats, Oils, Steroids, and Waxes.
    • Carbohydrates: Glucose, Fructose, Starch, and Cellulose.
    • Proteins: Enzymes, Structure, Movement, and Protection.
    • Nucleic Acids: (DNA/RNA)

    Monomers of Organic Compounds

    • Carbohydrates: Monomer - Monosaccharide.
    • Lipids: Monomer - Glycerol and Fatty Acids.
    • Proteins: Monomer - Amino Acid.
    • Nucleic Acids: Monomer - Nucleotide (5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base).

    Organic Compound Composition

    • Carbohydrates: Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen (H:O in a 2:1 ratio).
    • Lipids: Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen (H:O not in a 2:1 ratio).
    • Proteins: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen (sometimes Sulfur).
    • Nucleic Acids: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Phosphorus.

    Carbon Bonding

    • Carbon has four valence electrons and needs eight to be stable, readily forms four bonds with other atoms.
    • Carbon can form straight chains, branched chains, or rings.
    • Isomers—compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures. More C atoms in a formula, more isomers

    Hydrocarbons

    • Hydrocarbons—only carbon and hydrogen.
    • Simple organic compounds.
    • Derived from crude oil (petroleum).
    • Uses vary by number of atoms (1-4 atoms are gases, 5-7 are low-boiling liquids, 6-18 are liquids, 12-24 are liquids, and 18-50 and 50+ are high-boiling liquids and solids).

    Types of Carbon Bonds

    • Single bond
    • Double bond
    • Triple bond

    Naming Carbon Compounds

    • Organic prefixes—indicate the number of carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain. Prefixes for 1-4 carbons are historically rooted (methane, ethane, propane, butane).
    • Prefixes for 5 carbons and up are derived from the Greek language.
    • -ane ending for alkanes.
    • -ene ending for alkenes (double bond).
    • -yne ending for alkynes (triple bond).

    Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

    • Aliphatic hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons without aromatic rings
    • Saturated hydrocarbons contain only single bonds.
    • Alkanes have each carbon bonded to 4 atoms.
    • Only contain single bonds
    • Skeleton: C-C
    • Formula: C_n H_{2n+2}

    Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

    • Contains at least one double or triple bond.
    • Alkenes: double bonds, C=C, Formula: CnH2n.
    • Alkynes: triple bonds, C≡C, Formula: CnH2n−2.

    Structural Isomers

    • Isomers with atoms bonded together in different orders.

    Physical Properties of Structural Isomers

    • Melting and boiling points and density at 20°C can differ based on the structure

    Large Carbon Molecules

    • Polymers—giant molecules formed by monomer subunits.
    • Macromolecules—large polymers.
    • Polymerization—process of linking monomers to form polymers.

    Biological Reactions

    • Water, the most important inorganic compound, plays a key role in two major biological reactions.
    • Hydrolysis—breaking down polymers by adding a water molecule.
    • Dehydration Synthesis—building up large molecules by removing a water molecule.

    Energy Currency: ATP

    • Energy necessary for processes is available in the form of compounds like ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
    • ATP has three phosphate groups linked by high-energy bonds.
    • Breaking a high-energy bond in ATP releases the energy for cellular processes.

    Molecules Of Life

    • The essential organic compounds are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in different ratios.

    Carbohydrates

    • Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with a 2:1 ratio of H to O.
    • Monosaccharides—simple sugars (glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose).
    • Disaccharides—double sugars(sucrose, lactose, maltose).
    • Polysaccharides—complex carbohydrates (starch, glycogen, cellulose).
    • Glycosidic bonds join monosaccharides in carbohydrates.

    Lipids

    • Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (not a 2 to 1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen).
    • Do not dissolve in water
    • Functions: energy storage, membrane components, insulation, hormones
    • Fatty acids are unbranched carbon chains with a carboxyl group (acid) on one end.
    • Saturated fatty acids: All single bonds
    • Unsaturated fatty acids: One or more double bonds.
    • Triglycerides: Three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule (formed by dehydration).
    • Phospholipids: Form cell membranes, have a hydrophilic (water-loving) head and hydrophobic (water-fearing) tails.
    • Waxes: Fatty acids attached to an alcohol, highly waterproof.

    Proteins

    • Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
    • Monomer: amino acid (20 different kinds)
    • Peptide bonds link amino acids to form polypeptide chains.
    • Protein structure levels
      • Primary: amino acid sequence
      • Secondary: α-helix and β-pleated sheet
      • Tertiary: 3D structure
      • Quaternary: multiple polypeptide chains
    • Protein function depends on the shape.
    • Enzyme - a type of protein that speeds up chemical reactions.

    Nucleic Acids

    • Composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
    • Monomer: nucleotide
      • Phosphate groups
      • 5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose or ribose)
      • Nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, or uracil)
    • Polynucleotide—formed by linking nucleotides together to create DNA or RNA.

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    Section 2.3 Carbon Compounds PDF

    Description

    Explore the fascinating world of organic compounds that contain carbon. This quiz covers the categories of organic molecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, as well as their monomers and composition. Test your knowledge and understanding of the essential building blocks of life.

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