Overview of Medicinal Chemistry
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary reason Professor Youyou Tu won the Nobel Peace Prize in Physiology?

  • She discovered a new method for synthesizing artemisinin.
  • She discovered artemisinin, a new compound effective against malaria. (correct)
  • She discovered a new method for extracting artemisinin.
  • She discovered a new method for purifying artemisinin.

    • What is the main issue with the traditional method of extracting artemisinin?

  • It requires too much time to extract the artemisinin.
  • It degrades most of the artemisinin in the extract. (correct)
  • It is too expensive.
  • It is not effective against malaria.

    • What is the natural source of ɑ-Mangostin?

  • The roots of the Mangosteen tree.
  • The leaves of the Mangosteen tree.
  • The fruit of the Mangosteen tree.
  • The bark of the Mangosteen tree. (correct)

    • From which tree is ɑ-Mangostin derived?

    <p>The Mangosteen tree. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main benefit of ɑ-Mangostin in treating Dengue virus infection?

    <p>It can reduce the viral load and cytokine production. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main type of compound that ɑ-Mangostin belongs to?

    <p>Xanthonoid. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What year was ɑ-Mangostin first discovered?

    <ol start="1855"> <li>(B)</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors contributes to ɑ-Mangostin being highly sought after for drug development?

    <p>Its ability to address two problems associated with Dengue virus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease has shown the most rapid and linear decline in cases due to vaccination programs?

    <p>Polio (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about measles cases?

    <p>Measles cases have seen periodic outbreaks despite widespread vaccination. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is primarily transmitted through environmental factors?

    <p>Tetanus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text state about alpha-mangostin?

    <p>Alpha-mangostin can inhibit the production of dengue virus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor responsible for the significant decline in polio cases?

    <p>Introduction of the polio vaccine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) launched in 1988?

    <p>It played a role in reducing polio cases. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is still considered a significant public health issue despite the decline in cases?

    <p>Tetanus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary message conveyed by the superimposed trends in global polio, measles, and tetanus cases (Figure 4)?

    <p>Vaccination programs have been effective in reducing the burden of these diseases. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the Tuklas Lunas Program?

    <p>To promote self-reliance in healthcare and local drug discovery. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do Tuklas Lunas Centers primarily focus on?

    <p>Researching natural resources and local medicinal plants. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many partner institutions does the Tuklas Lunas Program collaborate with?

    <p>29 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stage of drug discovery does the Tuklas Lunas Program support?

    <p>Both preclinical and clinical trials. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What issue is identified as a 'triple threat' in healthcare in the Philippines?

    <p>Lack of access to affordable generic drugs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does the Tuklas Lunas Program aim to have on drug reliance?

    <p>Reduce reliance on imported drugs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization plays a significant role in the Tuklas Lunas Program?

    <p>Philippine Council for Health Research and Development. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Tuklas Lunas Program emphasize in its approach to healthcare?

    <p>Utilization of local knowledge and resources. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major issue do many Filipinos face regarding medicines?

    <p>High costs of medicines (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do some Filipinos forgo their medication?

    <p>They cannot afford the more expensive brand alternatives (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does limited supply of generic drugs affect Filipino patients?

    <p>They rely on expensive brand medications or skip doses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do antibiotics play in modern medicine?

    <p>They are critical in combating infections and fatal diseases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of skipping medication for patients?

    <p>Worsening health conditions and more severe complications (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenge does the increased demand for generic drugs present?

    <p>Inconsistent availability in public health facilities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following has contributed to the evolution of antibiotics?

    <p>The efforts of Alexander Fleming (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What proportion of Filipinos reportedly cannot afford prescription drugs?

    <p>99 percent (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the collaboration between PEZA and FDA in the Philippines?

    <p>To enhance pharmaceutical manufacturing capabilities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which entity leads the Tuklas Lunas Program in the Philippines?

    <p>Department of Science and Technology (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As of December 2023, how much investment has been generated through the establishment of pharmaceutical economic zones in the Philippines?

    <p>PhP 25.489 billion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of jobs is the government project expected to create?

    <p>19,000 jobs in various sectors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which potential products is the Tuklas Lunas Program focusing on developing?

    <p>High-quality medicines from natural products (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant aspect of the National Unified Health Research Agenda (2017-2022)?

    <p>Emphasizing the use of natural products for drug development (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which firms are mentioned as part of the ongoing government project?

    <p>Terumo, Arkray Industry, and Royale Life Pharma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the government project aim to achieve in terms of market support?

    <p>Support local producers and expand research and development (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drug categories is NOT mentioned in the provided content?

    <p>Anti-inflammatories (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the provided content?

    <p>To illustrate the expanding scope of drug applications beyond traditional uses. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT mentioned as a contemporary use of drugs?

    <p>Treating Hypertension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, what is the most significant change in the field of drugs?

    <p>The expansion of uses beyond traditional painkillers and antibiotics. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the information provided, what is the main factor driving the evolution of drug uses?

    <p>Advancements in pharmaceutical research. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best summarises the argument presented by the content?

    <p>The range of uses for drugs is broadening, expanding beyond traditional painkillers and antibiotics. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the content imply about the future of drug development?

    <p>A continued expansion of drug uses beyond traditional categories. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the author's primary purpose in mentioning 'hormonal drugs, contraceptives, antidepressants, antiviral and antineoplastics'?

    <p>To provide examples of drug categories that have expanded beyond traditional uses. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Overview of Medicinal Chemistry

    • Medicinal chemistry was coined after World War II, but the use of chemicals for medicinal purposes dates back to ancient times.
    • Ancient people recognized healing properties in plants without understanding their mechanisms of action.
    • Examples of ancient herbal remedies include ginseng for respiratory issues in ancient China and willow bark for pain relief in ancient Egypt and Sumeria.
    • Paracelsus in the Renaissance was a pioneer in using alchemy to discover the medicinal use of chemicals, like mercury and antimony.
    • Louis XIV's use of antimony for digestive issues marked an important step.
    • The 1900s saw the rise of modern medicinal chemistry with Aspirin as the first synthetic drug for pain relief.
    • World War I and II prompted research in chemical synthesis leading to significant advancements in antibiotics (sulfa drugs, Prontosil, and penicillin).
    • Modern medicinal chemistry has advanced beyond the initial focus of painkillers and antibiotics to include hormonal drugs, contraceptives, antiviral drugs, and cancer treatments.

    Traditional Medicine

    • Traditional medicine (TM) encompasses diverse health practices globally.
    • TM has been used for centuries, especially in primary healthcare at the community level, in both developed and developing countries.
    • TM's richness is tied to civilizations' histories, with Chinese, Indian, and Iranian systems being particularly comprehensive.
    • TM includes herbal medicine, which was crucial for discoveries such as ephedrine and artemisinin.
    • In western countries, adaptations of TM are sometimes called "alternative" or "complementary" medicine.

    Alternative Medicine

    • Alternative medicine encompasses diverse practices outside conventional medicine.
    • These practices include folk medicine, herbal remedies, homeopathy, Ayurveda, chiropractic, acupuncture, and naturopathy.
    • Alternative medicine's popularity is linked to patients' values and beliefs, providing more personal autonomy.

    The Formulation of the First Antibiotics

    • Alexander Fleming's discovery of penicillin in 1928 revolutionized medicine by providing an effective treatment for bacterial infections.
    • Collaborating with other scientists, like Howard Florey and Ernst Boris Chain, led to mass penicillin production.

    The First Vaccine

    • Edward Jenner developed the smallpox vaccine in 1796, setting a precedent for immunology.
    • Louis Pasteur's developments of rabies and anthrax vaccines solidified the principle of using attenuated organisms for disease prevention.

    Major Breakthroughs in Vaccines

    • The development of vaccines substantially reduced disease prevalence.
    • Advancements in tissue culture and microbiology facilitated vaccine development for polio, measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella.
    • Vaccines for hepatitis B and Haemophilus influenzae type b marked further progress.

    The COVID-19 Vaccine

    • The COVID-19 pandemic spurred the development of gene-based and protein-based vaccines.
    • Significant success was seen with mRNA vaccines from Pfizer-BioNTech.
    • Addressing vaccine hesitancy and ensuring broad vaccine coverage are crucial for pandemic response.

    Hit Compounds

    • Many modern pharmaceutical compounds are based on natural compounds from organisms.
    • Hit compounds are those identified via screening processes due to specific bioactivity.
    • Development often involves multiple trials to determine compound efficacy and safety.
    • Examples include artemisinin (for malaria) and alpha-mangostin (for dengue).
    • Vaccines significantly reduced the prevalence of polio, measles, and tetanus.
    • Polio saw the most rapid decline, whereas measles had periodic outbreaks.
    • Tetanus, a persistent environmental disease, also saw a decline.
    • Continued vaccination is essential for disease control, especially in areas with limited access to health care.

    Current Government Project on Pharmaceutical and Drug Discovery

    • PEZA, FDA, and OSAPIEA are collaborating in the Philippines to enhance pharmaceutical and medical device manufacturing.
    • The "Tuklas Lunas Program" is another key government initiative harnessing natural resources for drug discovery and development.
    • These initiatives aim to lower drug costs, create jobs, and promote healthcare independence in the Philippines.

    Health Inequities in the Philippines

    • High medication costs and reliance on imported drugs are concerns in the Philippines.
    • This particularly impacts rural areas, and low-income households.
    • Generic drug availability and affordability issues also affect access in public health facilities and among Indigenous Peoples.

    Antimicrobial Resistance

    • Misuse/overuse of antimicrobials in healthcare, agriculture, and industry contribute to antimicrobial resistance development.
    • Genetic material mutations, permeability changes, and gene transfer are key mechanisms of resistance.

    Importance of Continued Antibiotic Research

    • Continued research for new drugs and treatments is crucial due to the prevalence and persistence of antimicrobial resistance problems.

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    Kapnayan 2025 Medicinal Chemistry PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the evolution of medicinal chemistry from ancient herbal remedies to modern advancements in drug synthesis. It highlights notable figures and discoveries, including the role of alchemy in early medicine and the impact of World Wars on research. Test your knowledge on key historical developments and their significance in the field of medicinal chemistry.

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