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Questions and Answers
Which characteristic is true about lipids?
Which characteristic is true about lipids?
Which of the following is classified as a storage lipid?
Which of the following is classified as a storage lipid?
What type of lipid includes components such as Glycerophospholipids and Sphingolipids?
What type of lipid includes components such as Glycerophospholipids and Sphingolipids?
Which eicosanoid is involved in inflammatory responses?
Which eicosanoid is involved in inflammatory responses?
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Which statement is false regarding the classification of lipids?
Which statement is false regarding the classification of lipids?
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What is a significant health effect associated with trans fatty acids?
What is a significant health effect associated with trans fatty acids?
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Which fatty acid is considered a precursor to Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)?
Which fatty acid is considered a precursor to Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)?
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What characteristic of essential fatty acids sets them apart from non-essential ones?
What characteristic of essential fatty acids sets them apart from non-essential ones?
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What type of lipid uses sphingosine as its backbone?
What type of lipid uses sphingosine as its backbone?
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Which of the following is a common health issue linked to high trans fatty acid consumption?
Which of the following is a common health issue linked to high trans fatty acid consumption?
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Glycerol is primarily known for forming the backbone of which type of molecule?
Glycerol is primarily known for forming the backbone of which type of molecule?
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What distinguishes cis-fatty acids from trans-fatty acids?
What distinguishes cis-fatty acids from trans-fatty acids?
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Which of the following fatty acids is not classified as essential?
Which of the following fatty acids is not classified as essential?
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Which statement accurately describes triacylglycerols?
Which statement accurately describes triacylglycerols?
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What is primarily the result of the hydrogenation process on triacylglycerols?
What is primarily the result of the hydrogenation process on triacylglycerols?
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Which of the following correctly describes saponification?
Which of the following correctly describes saponification?
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What role do triacylglycerols primarily serve in animals?
What role do triacylglycerols primarily serve in animals?
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What distinguishes simple triacylglycerols from mixed triacylglycerols?
What distinguishes simple triacylglycerols from mixed triacylglycerols?
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Which catalyst is commonly used in the industrial hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids?
Which catalyst is commonly used in the industrial hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids?
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What type of reaction occurs during saponification?
What type of reaction occurs during saponification?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of triacylglycerols?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of triacylglycerols?
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What type of molecules are glycerophospholipids considered?
What type of molecules are glycerophospholipids considered?
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Which head group is associated with phosphatidylcholine?
Which head group is associated with phosphatidylcholine?
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What is the parent compound for most glycerophospholipids?
What is the parent compound for most glycerophospholipids?
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Which of the following is a derivative of phosphatidic acid?
Which of the following is a derivative of phosphatidic acid?
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Which class of lipids is sphingolipids primarily associated with?
Which class of lipids is sphingolipids primarily associated with?
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What type of molecule is sphingosine considered?
What type of molecule is sphingosine considered?
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Which of these is not a derivative of phosphatidic acid?
Which of these is not a derivative of phosphatidic acid?
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Which polar head group is associated with phosphatidylethanolamine?
Which polar head group is associated with phosphatidylethanolamine?
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What is a significant risk associated with hypercholesterolemia?
What is a significant risk associated with hypercholesterolemia?
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Which type of lipoprotein is known for transporting cholesterol most effectively?
Which type of lipoprotein is known for transporting cholesterol most effectively?
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Cholesterol acts as a precursor to which of the following?
Cholesterol acts as a precursor to which of the following?
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What advice is typically given to healthcare professionals regarding cholesterol consumption?
What advice is typically given to healthcare professionals regarding cholesterol consumption?
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What role does cholesterol play in the structure of cell membranes?
What role does cholesterol play in the structure of cell membranes?
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What are xanthelasma?
What are xanthelasma?
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Which lipoprotein type is primarily involved in transporting triglycerides?
Which lipoprotein type is primarily involved in transporting triglycerides?
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Excess cholesterol is synthesized by the body and can lead to which health issues?
Excess cholesterol is synthesized by the body and can lead to which health issues?
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Study Notes
Overview of Lipids
- Lipids are substances of biological origin which are insoluble in water.
Structural Features of Lipids
- Fatty Acids are long-chain carboxylic acids
- Cis-Fatty Acids have hydrogen atoms on the same side of the double bond leading to a bend in the molecule.
- Trans-Fatty Acids have hydrogen atoms on opposite sides of the double bond leading to a straight molecule.
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Trans-Fatty Acids have adverse health effects:
- Increase in low-density lipoprotein in the liver
- Coronary heart disease
- Cancer
- Diabetes
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Essential Fatty Acids are those the human body can’t synthesize and must be obtained through the diet:
- Linoleic acid (𝝎-6)
- ɑ-Linoleic acid (𝝎-3)
- Linoleic acid is the precursor of Arachidonic acid which is important for inflammatory responses and other processes.
- ɑ-Linoleic acid is the precursor of Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an important component of the human brain.
- Glycerol is a naturally occuring alcohol that forms the backbone of triacylglycerols.
- Sphingosine is an 18-carbon amino alcohol that forms the backbone of sphingolipids.
Storage Lipids
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Triacylglycerols (also called triglycerides or fats) are the most abundant class of lipids and serve as energy stores in animals.
- They consist of a glycerol esterified to three fatty acid residues.
- There are simple triacylglycerols with the same fatty acid attached to all three positions of glycerol and mixed triacylglycerols with different fatty acid substitutions.
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Reactions of Triacylglycerols
- Hydrogenation is the reduction of double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids to convert them to solid, saturated fatty acids using hydrogen gas over a platinum or palladium catalyst.
- Saponification is the process of making soap from fats or oils and involves reacting fats or oils with a base to form a surfactant in a hydrolysis reaction.
Structural Lipids
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Phospholipids are amphiphilic molecules with both a polar and non-polar part making them essential components of cell membranes.
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Glycerophospholipids are comprised of glycerol with a phosphate group and two fatty acid chains attached.
- The derivatives of phosphatidic acid (parent compound) include:
- Phosphatidylcholine
- Phosphatidylethanolamine
- Phosphatidylserine
- Phosphatidylinositol
- The derivatives of phosphatidic acid (parent compound) include:
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Sphingolipids are lipids with sphingosine as their backbone.
- Sphingosine is an 18-carbon amino alcohol that forms the backbone of sphingolipids and is a vital part of blood lipoproteins and is the precursor of all sex and steroid hormones.
- They are found in biological membranes and are important for cell signaling and recognition.
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Glycerophospholipids are comprised of glycerol with a phosphate group and two fatty acid chains attached.
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Glycolipids are lipids with a carbohydrate attached, which are important for cell recognition and communication:
- Glycosphingolipids have a carbohydrate attached to a sphingosine backbone.
- Galactolipids are found in plants and have a carbohydrate attached to a glycerol backbone.
Signalling Lipids
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Steroids are lipids with a characteristic four-ring structure.
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Cholesterol is an important steroid that is essential for survival but excess cholesterol can cause adverse health effects.
- Cholesterol functions as a structural lipid in the epidermis of the skin and is a precursor of all sex and steroid hormones.
- Hypercholesterolemia or excess cholesterol has been shown to increase risk of heart attack, stroke, and cancer.
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Lipoproteins are molecules that transport cholesterol, triacylglycerols, and other hydrophilic biomolecules.
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Types of lipoproteins:
- High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL)
- Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL)
- Very Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL)
- Chylomicrons
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Types of lipoproteins:
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Cholesterol is an important steroid that is essential for survival but excess cholesterol can cause adverse health effects.
-
Eicosanoids are signaling molecules derived from arachidonic acid.
- Prostaglandins are involved in inflammation, pain, fever, and blood clotting.
- Thromboxanes are involved in blood clotting.
- Leukotrienes are involved in allergic and inflammatory responses.
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Description
This quiz provides an overview of lipids, including their structure and biological significance. It covers various types of fatty acids, their health implications, and essential fatty acids necessary for human health. Test your knowledge on the importance of lipids in our diet and health!
