Questions and Answers
What percentage of total energy intake is contributed by dietary fat in an average UK diet?
40%
What is the primary role of essential fatty acids in the body?
Precursors of eicosanoids
What is the recommended daily intake of essential fatty acids by the UK Department of Health?
2-5 g/day
What is the estimated number of deaths in the UK due to cardiovascular disease every year?
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What is the primary benefit of high intakes of the ω3 series of fatty acids?
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What percentage of deaths in the UK are attributed to cardiovascular disease?
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What percentage of the global population suffers from Protein-Energy Malnutrition?
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What is the recommended daily protein intake for an adult in the UK?
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What is the primary reason why proteins of animal origin are considered 'high quality'?
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According to the WHO, what percentage of deaths in children under-5 years of age are contributed to by nutrition-related factors?
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What is the estimated number of children who die every year from malnutrition, according to the FAO and World Bank?
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What is the recommended protein intake in grams per kilogram of body weight for newborns?
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What is the term for the type of malnutrition characterised by growth failure and wasting?
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Why is it important to consider the amino acid pattern when evaluating protein quality?
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What percentage of the total energy of the diet should come from protein?
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What is the effect of low CHO diets on the body?
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What is the recommended daily intake of free sugars for 7-10 year olds?
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What is the primary source of sorbitol?
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What is the term that replaced 'fibre' in the context of polysaccharides?
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What is the effect of phytic acid on nutrient absorption?
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Why are NSP-rich foods considered beneficial?
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What is the recommended daily intake of sucrose to prevent dental caries?
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What health problems are associated with low intakes of NSP?
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What is the average intake of free sugars in the UK?
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What is the effect of lactose on non-European populations?
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What is the recommended daily intake of free sugars for 11-year-olds and above?
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What type of polysaccharide is starch an example of?
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What percentage of the total energy of the diet does the average daily intake of free sugars represent for males aged 11-18 years?
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What is the highest death rate from CVD per 100,000 population among the listed countries in 2004?
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Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for CVD?
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What is the effect of increasing polyunsaturated fatty acids in the diet?
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Which type of fatty acid has a less clear effect on CVD?
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What is the percentage of total energy from carbohydrate in the diet of affluent societies?
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What type of cancer is associated with high intake of fat or obesity?
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What is the main source of carbohydrates in the diet?
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Which of the following countries has a death rate from CVD per 100,000 population of 34 in 2022?
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Study Notes
Dietary Lipid (Fat)
- Average UK diet: 88g fat, 40% of total energy intake
- Triacylglycerols (TAGS) and small amount of cholesterol (0.5-1.0 g) are present in dietary fat
- Essential fatty acids: linoleic acid (C18:2 ω6) and linolenic acid (C18:3 ω3) are major constituents of membrane phospholipids and precursors of eicosanoids
- UK DoH recommendation: 2-5 g/day of essential fatty acids
- High intakes of ω3 series may provide protection against cardiovascular disease (CVD) and support brain development
Fat and Cardiovascular Disease
- Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the highest single cause of death in men and women in the UK and Europe
- 168,000 people die in the UK from CVD every year, with 48,000 deaths under the age of 75
- CVD is responsible for 25% of deaths in the UK
- Highest death rates from CVD: Tajikistan (389), Azerbaijan (388), Uzbekistan (354), Ukraine (305), and Oman (301)
- Lowest death rates from CVD: Spain (34), Israel (34), Japan (30), France (30), and South Korea (28)
Risk Factors for CVD
- Genetic susceptibility
- Smoking
- Sedentary lifestyle
- High blood pressure
- High serum cholesterol (Low Density Lipoprotein)
- Obesity
- Diabetes
- Trans fat intake
Dietary Fat and Cancer
- High intake of fat or obesity may increase risk of breast, colon, pancreas, and prostate cancer
- Immigrants tend to develop types of cancer common in their host country rather than their country of origin
Carbohydrate
- Carbohydrates provide 40% of total energy in affluent societies and 80-90% in poor populations
- Starch, non-starch polysaccharides (fibre), and sugars are types of carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates are mainly of plant origin, except for lactose and small amounts of glycogen
Protein
- Protein provides 10-15% of total energy in the diet, with a recommended intake of 0.75g/kg body weight for adults
- Essential amino acids are needed for synthesizing new protein, catecholamines, thyroid hormones, neurotransmitters, haem, and glutathione
- Protein quality is important, with animal proteins being more effective in supporting growth than plant proteins
- Mixtures of low-quality proteins can complement each other's deficits
Protein Requirements
- Newborn: 2.4g/kg/day
- 3 months: 1.9g/kg/day
- 6 months: 1.6g/kg/day
- 12 months: 1.4g/kg/day
- Adult: 0.75g/kg/day
Protein-Energy Malnutrition
- Growth failure, marasmus, kwashiorkor, and marasmic kwashiorkor are types of protein-energy malnutrition
- 5 million children die every year from malnutrition, with 300 million children having growth retardation due to malnutrition
- 20-75% of children under 5 suffer from malnutrition in developing countries
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Description
Learn about the composition of dietary fat, its essential fatty acids, and their health effects, including protection against cardiovascular disease and brain function.
