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Questions and Answers
Which type of fat is chemically altered to become more solid and stable?
Eicosanoids are primarily derived from carbohydrates.
False
What is the primary component that differentiates phospholipids from triglycerides?
A phosphate group
Cholesterol is a type of __________ that is important for cell membrane structure.
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What is one function of lipids in the body?
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Match the types of fats with their characteristics:
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The polar end of a phospholipid is hydrophobic.
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Name one hormone derived from cholesterol.
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Which of the following is NOT a function of carbohydrates?
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Disaccharides are formed by the combination of three monosaccharides.
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What is the chemical formula for glucose?
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Fats are important energy-storage molecules, and their building blocks are ______ and ______.
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Match the type of fats to their description:
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Which of the following is a complex carbohydrate?
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Phospholipids consist of glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group.
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What is the primary purpose of the brain requiring glucose?
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What is the pH of a neutral solution?
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Acidosis occurs when blood pH rises above 7.45.
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What happens to the nervous system during alkalosis?
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An acidic solution has a pH of less than _____.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
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Which of the following is an example of an inorganic molecule?
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Organic molecules contain carbon bound together by ionic bonds.
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What is produced when food molecules like glucose are metabolized?
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Study Notes
Lipids
- Polyunsaturated fats (e.g., safflower, sunflower, corn, fish oils) contain two or more double covalent bonds between carbon atoms.
- Trans fats are unsaturated fats chemically altered to become more saturated, increasing stability and shelf-life, but significantly heightening cardiovascular disease risk.
Phospholipids
- Resemble triglycerides with one fatty acid replaced by a phosphate-containing molecule.
- Have a polar hydrophilic (water-attracting) end and a nonpolar hydrophobic (water-repelling) end.
Eicosanoids
- Important regulatory molecules derived from fatty acids, produced in most cells.
- Involved in bodily responses to injury; prostaglandins regulate hormone secretion, blood clotting, and reproductive functions.
Steroids
- Composed of four carbon atom rings; cholesterol is a primary steroid from which others are synthesized.
- Bile salts derived from cholesterol aid fat absorption in the intestines; reproductive hormones (estrogen, progesterone, testosterone) are also derived from cholesterol.
- Cholesterol supports cell membrane structure.
Functions of Lipids
- Long-term energy storage and thermal insulation.
- Act as protective cushioning for organs.
- Integral component of cell membranes (cholesterol).
Proteins
- Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; most proteins contain sulfur.
Carbohydrates
- Supply energy and consist of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O).
- Monosaccharides are the fundamental units of carbohydrates; can form disaccharides and polysaccharides.
- Disaccharides form from two monosaccharides (e.g., sucrose = glucose + fructose; lactose = glucose + galactose).
- Polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharides (e.g., starch, glycogen).
Functions of Carbohydrates
- Serve as short-term energy storage.
- Easily converted to glucose for ATP production.
- Essential for brain cell energy.
pH Scale
- Neutral solution: pH of 7; equal concentrations of H⁺ and OH⁻.
- Acidic solution: pH < 7; higher concentration of H⁺.
- Basic solution: pH > 7; lower concentration of H⁺.
Blood pH
- Normal range: 7.35 to 7.45.
- Acidosis occurs when blood pH drops below 7.35, leading to depression of the nervous system.
- Alkalosis occurs when blood pH exceeds 7.45, resulting in nervous system over-excitability.
Salts and Buffers
- Salts form from acid-base reactions (e.g., HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H₂O).
- Buffers help stabilize pH by resisting changes when acids or bases are added.
Inorganic vs. Organic Molecules
- Inorganic Molecules: Do not contain carbon (e.g., O₂, CO₂, H₂O).
- Organic Molecules: Always contain carbon atoms connected by covalent bonds, involved in biological processes.
Inorganic Molecules
- Oxygen (O₂): Nonpolar molecule with two oxygen atoms.
- Carbon Dioxide (CO₂): Composed of one carbon atom bonded to two oxygen atoms; a by-product of cellular metabolism.
- Water (H₂O): Polar molecule vital for stabilizing body temperature, protecting tissues, facilitating chemical reactions, and transporting substances.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of lipids, including polyunsaturated fats, trans fats, phospholipids, eicosanoids, and steroids. This quiz will delve into their structures, roles in the body, and implications for health. Test your understanding of these essential biomolecules!
