Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary goal of the inflammatory reaction?
What is the primary goal of the inflammatory reaction?
What is a key characteristic of acute inflammation?
What is a key characteristic of acute inflammation?
Which of the following is NOT a step in the inflammatory response?
Which of the following is NOT a step in the inflammatory response?
What are the two major components of acute inflammation?
What are the two major components of acute inflammation?
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What is the main effect of vasodilation in acute inflammation?
What is the main effect of vasodilation in acute inflammation?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of chronic inflammation?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of chronic inflammation?
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Which of the following is NOT a common cause of acute inflammation?
Which of the following is NOT a common cause of acute inflammation?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of neutrophils in acute inflammation?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of neutrophils in acute inflammation?
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Which of the following is NOT a cardinal sign of inflammation?
Which of the following is NOT a cardinal sign of inflammation?
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Which of the following is an example of a persistent infection that can lead to chronic inflammation?
Which of the following is an example of a persistent infection that can lead to chronic inflammation?
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Which of the following immune-mediated inflammatory diseases is characterized by chronic inflammation in the joints?
Which of the following immune-mediated inflammatory diseases is characterized by chronic inflammation in the joints?
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Which of the following best describes the process of cellular recruitment in acute inflammation?
Which of the following best describes the process of cellular recruitment in acute inflammation?
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Which of the following best describes the mechanism by which edema occurs in inflammation?
Which of the following best describes the mechanism by which edema occurs in inflammation?
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Flashcards
Inflammation
Inflammation
A defensive response to foreign agents and tissue damage.
Five Rs of Inflammation
Five Rs of Inflammation
Steps in the inflammatory response: Recognition, Recruitment, Removal, Regulation, Resolution.
Acute Inflammation
Acute Inflammation
Rapid, short-duration inflammation with neutrophil predominance.
Vascular Changes
Vascular Changes
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Cardinal Signs of Inflammation
Cardinal Signs of Inflammation
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Cellular recruitment
Cellular recruitment
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Activation of leukocytes
Activation of leukocytes
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Neutrophils
Neutrophils
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Stimuli for Acute Inflammation
Stimuli for Acute Inflammation
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Chronic Inflammation
Chronic Inflammation
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Mononuclear cells
Mononuclear cells
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Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases
Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases
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Study Notes
Inflammation Overview
- Inflammation is a defensive response to foreign invaders and necrotic tissue.
- Key components are vascular reaction and cellular response, both activated by mediators from plasma proteins and cells.
- Inflammation's purpose is to dilute, destroy, or neutralize harmful agents (microbes, toxins).
- Inflammation and the repair process can cause harm.
- The goal of the inflammatory response is to bring defense cells and molecules to the site of infection or tissue damage.
Steps of the Inflammatory Response (Five Rs)
- Recognition of the injurious agent.
- Recruitment of leukocytes.
- Removal of the agent.
- Regulation (control) of the response.
- Resolution (repair).
Outcomes of Acute Inflammation
- Elimination of the harmful stimulus, followed by repair of the damaged tissue.
- Persistent injury resulting in chronic inflammation.
Acute Inflammation Characteristics
- Rapid onset and short duration.
- Characterized by fluid and plasma protein exudation and a predominantly neutrophilic leukocyte accumulation.
Two Major Components of Acute Inflammation
-
Vascular changes:
- Vasodilation: Increased blood vessel caliber leading to increased blood flow.
- Increased vascular permeability: Changes in vessel walls that allow plasma proteins to leave the circulation.
-
Cellular events:
- Cellular recruitment: Leukocytes move from the circulation to the site of injury.
- Activation of leukocytes: Enabling them to eliminate the offending agent.
- Principal leukocytes during acute inflammation are neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes).
Stimuli for Acute Inflammation
- Infections (bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic).
- Trauma and various physical and chemical agents (thermal injury, irradiation, toxicity).
- Tissue necrosis (physical, chemical).
- Foreign bodies (splinters, dirt, sutures, crystal deposits).
- Immune reactions (hypersensitivity reactions) against environmental substances or "self" tissues.
Cardinal Signs of Inflammation
- Redness: Caused by dilated blood vessels in the affected area.
- Heat: Caused by increased blood flow to the area, felt in peripheral areas (skin).
- Swelling (edema): Caused by fluid buildup outside blood vessels.
- Pain: Caused by chemical mediators and tissue distortion from edema.
- Loss of function: Affected body part may not function normally.
Chronic Inflammation
- Prolonged duration (weeks to years).
- Continuing inflammation, tissue injury, and healing (often by fibrosis) proceed simultaneously.
Chronic Inflammation Characteristics
- Infiltration with mononuclear cells (macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells).
- Tissue destruction, mainly from inflammatory cell products.
- Repair involving new vessel proliferation (angiogenesis) and fibrosis.
Chronic Inflammation Settings
- Persistent infections by microbes (difficult to eradicate).
- Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis).
- Prolonged exposure to potentially toxic agents (nondegradable exogenous materials like inhaled silica).
Granulomatous Inflammation
- Distinctive pattern of chronic inflammation characterized by aggregates of activated macrophages.
Granuloma Formation
- Formation under 3 settings:
- Persistent T-cell responses to certain microbes (tuberculosis).
- Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (Crohn's disease).
- Foreign bodies (sutures, splinters) - foreign body granulomas.
- Granulomas also seen in sarcoidosis (a disease of unknown etiology).
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Description
This quiz covers the essential aspects of inflammation, including its purpose, key components, and the stages of the inflammatory response. It highlights the five Rs: recognition, recruitment, removal, regulation, and resolution. Additionally, the outcomes and characteristics of acute inflammation are explored.
