Overview of Human Physiology

Physiology is the branch of biology that studies the functions and processes of living organisms.
It examines how various systems, organs, and cells work together to maintain life.

Nervous System
- Comprises the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
- Responsible for transmitting signals between different parts of the body.
- Regulates bodily functions through electrical impulses.
Endocrine System
- Consists of glands such as the pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands.
- Produces hormones that regulate metabolism, growth, and mood.
- Works in conjunction with the nervous system.
Circulatory System
- Composed of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
- Transports oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells.
- Removes waste products from metabolism.
Respiratory System
- Includes the lungs, trachea, and diaphragm.
- Facilitates gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide).
- Plays a vital role in maintaining acid-base balance.
Digestive System
- Encompasses the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs (liver, pancreas).
- Breaks down food into nutrients for absorption.
- Eliminates waste products.
Musculoskeletal System
- Comprised of bones, muscles, tendons, and ligaments.
- Supports body structure and allows movement.
- Bones also serve as storage for minerals and produce blood cells.
Immune System
- Consists of various cells, tissues, and organs that defend the body against pathogens.
- Includes lymph nodes, spleen, and white blood cells.
Reproductive System
- Male and female reproductive organs (testes, ovaries, etc.).
- Responsible for the production of gametes and hormones.
- Facilitates reproduction.

Homeostasis
- The maintenance of a stable internal environment (temperature, pH, etc.).
- Involves feedback mechanisms (negative and positive feedback).
Metabolism
- The sum of all chemical reactions within the body.
- Includes catabolism (breaking down molecules) and anabolism (building up molecules).
Cell Physiology
- Study of cell structure and function.
- Understands processes like osmosis, diffusion, and energy production (ATP).
Neurophysiology
- Focuses on the functioning of the nervous system and its pathways.
- Examines synaptic transmission and neural signaling.

Nervous System
- Composed of brain, spinal cord, and nerves
- Transmits signals between different parts of the body
- Regulates bodily functions through electrical impulses
Endocrine System
- Glands such as pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands
- Produces hormones that regulate metabolism, growth, and mood
- Works in conjunction with the nervous system
Circulatory System
- Heart, blood vessels, and blood
- Transports oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells
- Removes waste products from metabolism
Respiratory System
- Lungs, trachea, and diaphragm
- Facilitates gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide)
- Plays a vital role in maintaining acid-base balance
Digestive System
- Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs (liver, pancreas)
- Breaks down food into nutrients for absorption
- Eliminates waste products
Musculoskeletal System
- Bones, muscles, tendons, and ligaments
- Supports body structure and allows movement
- Bones store minerals and produce blood cells
Immune System
- Various cells, tissues, and organs that defend the body against pathogens
- Includes lymph nodes, spleen, and white blood cells
Reproductive System
- Male and female reproductive organs (testes, ovaries, etc.)
- Responsible for production of gametes and hormones
- Facilitates reproduction

Homeostasis
- Maintenance of a stable internal environment (temperature, pH, etc.)
- Involves feedback mechanisms (negative and positive feedback)
Metabolism
- Sum of all chemical reactions within the body
- Includes catabolism (breaking down molecules) and anabolism (building up molecules)
Cell Physiology
- Study of cell structure and function
- Covers processes like osmosis, diffusion, and energy production (ATP)
Neurophysiology
- Focuses on the functioning of the nervous system and its pathways
- Examines synaptic transmission and neural signaling