Overview of Human Anatomy and Physiology

Chemical Level: Atoms and molecules.
Cellular Level: Cells are the basic unit of life.
Tissue Level: Groups of similar cells performing a common function.
- Types: Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous.
Organ Level: Structures composed of two or more types of tissues.
Organ System Level: Groups of organs that work together (e.g., respiratory system).
Organism Level: The human body as a whole.

Integumentary System: Skin, hair, nails; protects the body.
Skeletal System: Bones and joints; provides structure and support.
Muscular System: Skeletal muscles; enables movement.
Nervous System: Brain, spinal cord, nerves; regulates body functions.
Endocrine System: Hormone-producing glands; regulates metabolism and growth.
Cardiovascular System: Heart and blood vessels; circulates blood.
Lymphatic System: Lymph nodes and vessels; supports immune function.
Respiratory System: Lungs and airways; facilitates gas exchange.
Digestive System: Organs involved in food processing; breaks down food for nutrients.
Urinary System: Kidneys and bladder; removes waste and regulates fluid balance.
Reproductive System: Organs involved in reproduction; produces gametes and hormones.

Cell Membrane: Semi-permeable barrier; regulates entry/exit of substances.
Nucleus: Contains genetic material (DNA); controls cell activities.
Cytoplasm: Jelly-like substance; site of metabolic processes.
Organelles: Specialized structures within the cell (e.g., mitochondria, ribosomes).

Epithelial Tissue: Covers body surfaces; functions in protection, absorption, and secretion.
Connective Tissue: Supports, binds, and protects other tissues; includes bone, fat, blood.
Muscle Tissue: Responsible for movement; types include skeletal, cardiac, smooth.
Nervous Tissue: Composed of neurons and glial cells; transmits impulses.

Definition: The maintenance of a stable internal environment despite external changes.
Mechanisms: Feedback systems (negative and positive) regulate body functions.

Directional Terms: Superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, medial, lateral.
Planes of the Body:
- Sagittal: Divides body into left and right.
- Coronal (Frontal): Divides body into front and back.
- Transverse (Horizontal): Divides body into upper and lower.

Metabolism: Sum of all chemical reactions in the body (catabolism and anabolism).
Cellular Respiration: Process of converting glucose and oxygen into energy (ATP).
Neurotransmission: Process by which nerve cells communicate through electrical impulses.

Understanding the structure and function of the body is crucial for medical professions, health sciences, and fitness industries.
Knowledge aids in diagnosing and treating medical conditions.

Anatomy focuses on the structure of the body and its parts, while physiology examines their functions.

Chemical Level: Involves atoms and molecules as the basic components of matter.
Cellular Level: Cells are regarded as the fundamental unit of life, performing essential functions.
Tissue Level: Comprised of similar cells that work together for a common purpose; includes epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues.
Organ Level: Formed from two or more types of tissues that combine to perform specific functions.
Organ System Level: Comprised of interrelated groups of organs that work together, like the respiratory system.
Organism Level: Refers to the human body regarded as a whole entity.

Integumentary System: Includes skin, hair, and nails; serves as a protective barrier for the body.
Skeletal System: Composed of bones and joints; provides structural support and protection for internal organs.
Muscular System: Comprised of skeletal muscles that facilitate body movement and posture.
Nervous System: Encompasses the brain, spinal cord, and nerves; responsible for regulation and coordination of body functions.
Endocrine System: Consists of hormone-secreting glands; regulates metabolic processes and growth.
Cardiovascular System: Includes the heart and blood vessels; circulates blood and nutrients throughout the body.
Lymphatic System: Comprises lymph nodes and vessels; plays a crucial role in immune defense.
Respiratory System: Comprises lungs and airways; enables gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide).
Digestive System: Involves organs that process food; responsible for breaking down food to extract nutrients.
Urinary System: Includes kidneys and bladder; eliminates waste and maintains fluid balance.
Reproductive System: Consists of organs involved in reproduction, producing gametes and sex hormones.

Cell Membrane: A semi-permeable barrier regulating what enters and exits the cell.
Nucleus: Houses genetic material (DNA); directs cellular activities and reproduction.
Cytoplasm: Jelly-like fluid where metabolic processes occur, housing organelles.
Organelles: Specialized structures such as mitochondria (energy production) and ribosomes (protein synthesis).

Epithelial Tissue: Covers surfaces and lines cavities; involved in protection, absorption, and secretion.
Connective Tissue: Supports and binds other tissues; major types include bone, adipose (fat), and blood.
Muscle Tissue: Facilitates movement; classified into three types: skeletal (voluntary), cardiac (involuntary), and smooth (involuntary).
Nervous Tissue: Comprised of neurons (nerve cells) and glial cells; responsible for impulse transmission.

Definition: The body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.
Mechanisms: Utilizes feedback systems (negative and positive feedback) to regulate physiological processes.

Directional Terms: Important for locating structures; include superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, medial, and lateral.
Planes of the Body:
- Sagittal Planes: Divides body into left and right portions.
- Coronal (Frontal) Planes: Divides body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) sections.
- Transverse (Horizontal) Planes: Divides body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) parts.

Metabolism: The totality of all chemical reactions occurring in the body, including catabolism (breaking down) and anabolism (building up).
Cellular Respiration: The biochemical process that converts glucose and oxygen into energy (ATP).
Neurotransmission: The process where neurons communicate via electrical impulses and chemical signals.