Human Anatomy and Physiology Quiz

Levels of Organisation

• Integumentary system includes hair, epidermis, glands, and nails.
• Appendicular muscles support, move, and brace limbs.
• Axial muscles are for the head, neck, and core.
• CNS (central nervous system) is the brain and spinal cord.
• PNS (peripheral nervous system) is peripheral nerves.

Endocrine System

• Pineal gland is in the middle of the brain/epithalamus.
• Pituitary gland is at the base of the brain, behind the nose bridge.
• Parathyroid gland is located in the neck.
• Thyroid gland is located in the neck.
• Pancreas is in the abdomen.
• Adrenal glands and kidneys are also in the abdomen.
• Ovaries are in females.
• Testes are in males.

Lymphatic System

• Lymph nodes filter waste products.
• Thymus makes T lymphocytes.
• Spleen controls the level of blood cells.
• Lymphatic vessels are part of this system.

Respiratory System

• Nasal cavity is the first structure.
• Sinuses are air-filled spaces.
• Pharynx is a passageway.
• Larynx is the voice box.
• Trachea is the windpipe.
• Bronchi lead to the lungs.
• Lungs are the main organs.
• Diaphragm is the muscle for breathing.

Digestive System

• Salivary glands release saliva with amylase for starch breakdown.
• Pharynx is a passageway.
• Oesophagus is a tube carrying food.

Urinary System

• Kidneys filter blood to remove waste and extra fluid.
• Ureters carry urine from kidneys to the bladder.
• Urinary bladder stores urine.
• Urethra excretes urine.

Reproductive System

• Male reproductive system includes ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, urethra, penis, epididymis, and testes.
• Female reproductive system includes mammary glands, uterine tubes, ovaries, uterus, and vagina.

Anatomical Landmarks

• Cephalon = head
• Axilla = armpit
• Brachium = arm
• Antebrachium = forearm
• Carpus = wrist
• Pollex = thumb
• Digits = fingers or toes
• Tarsus = ankle
• Hallux = great toe
• Manus = hand
• Umbilicus = navel, belly button
• Mamma = breast
• Thoracis = thorax = chest

Body Cavities

• Dorsal cavity contains the brain and spinal cord.
• Ventral cavity contains the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic organs.

The Nervous System

• CNS integrates sensory data and motor commands.
• PNS delivers sensory information to the CNS.

Neurons

• Anaxonic neurons are found in the brain and special sense organs.
• Bipolar neurons have 2 processes (1 dendrite, 1 axon).
• Unipolar neurons have continuous dendrites and axon.
• Multipolar neurons have 2 or more dendrites, 1 axon.
• Most motor neurons control skeletal muscle.

The Spinal Cord

• Passageway for sensory and motor impulses.
• Integrates information (controls reflex and automatic responses).
• Contains 31 segments and dorsal/ventral roots.

The Brain

• Higher brain (neocortex/cerebral cortex) distinguishes us from other animals.
• Frontal lobe contains the primary motor cortex and premotor cortex.

The Cranial Nerves

• Olfactory (sensor)
• Optic (sensor)
• Oculomotor (motor)
• Trochlear (motor)
• Trigeminal (sensor and motor)
• Abducens (motor)
• Facial (sensor and motor)
• Vestibulocochlear (sensor)
• Glossopharyngeal (sensor and motor)
• Vagus (sensor and motor)
• Accessory (motor)
• Hypoglossal (motor)

Action Potentials, Synapses, and Neurotransmitters

• Resting membrane potential is -70mV.
• Extracellular fluid contains high Na+ and Cl-.
• Intracellular fluid contains high K+ and negatively charged proteins.

Tissues (Epithelial)

• Layers of cells forming linings, membranes, and glands.
• Classified by the number of cell layers (simple or stratified).
• Classified by the shape of cells (squamous, cuboidal, columnar, or transitional).
  • Simple squamous reduces friction, absorption and secretion. Examples are linings of blood vessels and alveoli.
  • Stratified squamous provides physical protection, example is the skin.
  • Simple cuboidal is for protection, secretion, and absorption. Examples include glands and ducts.
  • Stratified cuboidal. Functions include protection, secretion, and absorption. A rare example is the lining of ducts.
  • Transitional epithelium permits expansion and recoil after stretching. Example is the urinary bladder.
  • Simple columnar epithelium carries out functions of protection, secretion, and absorption. Example locations are lining of the stomach and intestines.

###Connective Tissues

• Contains cells, fibres, and ground substance.
• Types include fluid (blood, lymph), loose connective tissue (e.g., adipose, reticular), dense connective tissue (dense regular, dense irregular, elastic), cartilage (hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage), and bone.

Bone Physiology

• Functions include support, leverage, protection, calcium storage, and blood cell production.
• Bones are classified into flat, long, short, irregular, and sesamoid.
• Bone tissue is composed of matrix (minerals and protein) and cells (osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and osteocytes).

Skeletal Anatomy

• Projections include processes, trochanters, tubercles, crests, and spines.
• Articulating surfaces include heads, condyles, and facets.
• Openings include foramina and canals.

Joints

• Articulations where two or more bones meet.
• Classified functionally by the amount of movement (synarthrosis = immovable, amphiarthrosis = slightly movable, diarthrosis = freely movable).
• Classified structurally by the material between them (fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial).

Specific Joint Types

• Bony fusion
• Fibrous (suture, gomphosis, syndesmosis)
• Cartilaginous (synchondrosis, symphysis)
• Synovial (gliding, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, ball and socket)

Integumentary System

• Skin's outermost layer is the epidermis, composed of keratinized cells.
• Connective tissue, the dermis, lies below.
• Hypodermis is the deepest layer.

Muscle Physiology

• Muscle cells are responsible for movement in the body.
• Muscles consist of individual cells or fibres surrounded by connective tissues.
• Muscles are controlled by nerves.
• Contain the structural proteins titin, nebulin, and desmin.
• Sliding filaments cause muscle contraction of sliding past one another.

Nerve Function

• The action potential is caused from sodium entering the axon. Potassium leaves to reset membrane potential.
• The motor neuron is the nerve cell involved.
• Includes a motor unit containing the motor neuron and all its fibres.
• Gross movements require more fibers per unit.
• Fine movements require fewer fibers per unit.

Muscle Spindles

• Highly specialized muscle fibers located in parallel with regular muscle fibers.
• Detect changes in muscle length.
• Sensory neurons are part of the muscle spindle structure.

The Brain and Special Senses

• Olfaction (smell): Chemicals stimulate olfactory receptors.
• Taste: Located on the tongue, with taste buds containing receptors for different tastes.
• Vision: Light enters the eye, is refracted by the cornea and lens, and focused onto the retina.
• Hearing: Sound waves vibrate the tympanic membrane triggering vibrations of the ossicles.