Human Anatomy and Physiology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?

Removes waste from blood

Processes nutrients from food

Ensures water absorption

Filters out waste products (correct)

Which of the following glands is located in the neck?

Thyroid gland (correct)

Pineal gland

Pituitary gland

Adrenal gland

What anatomical landmark is referred to as 'hallux'?

Forearm

Great toe (correct)

Navel

Ankle

Which structure is part of the respiratory system?

Trachea (A) Signup and view all the answers

What gland is responsible for the production of T lymphocytes?

Thymus (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the body is referred to as the 'thorax'?

Chest (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a part of the urinary system?

Thymus (D) Signup and view all the answers

The large intestine is primarily responsible for which function?

Absorbing water and salts (C) Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint is classified as an immovable joint?

Synarthrosis (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which joint classification allows for slightly movable joints?

Amphiarthrosis (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a fibrous joint?

Suture (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional classification of a symphysis joint?

Amphiarthrosis (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of structural joint is characterized by cartilage connecting the bones?

Cartilaginous (C) Signup and view all the answers

What movement is described as twisting the sole of the foot medially?

Inversion (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of synovial joint allows for free movement?

Diarthrosis (D) Signup and view all the answers

What describes the joint between the left and right frontal bone?

Suture (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of osteoblasts?

To secrete matrix proteins (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bone is characterized by trabecular structure?

Spongy bone (C) Signup and view all the answers

What feature distinguishes the periosteum from the endosteum?

Presence of lymphatic tissues (A), Location covering the outer surface of bone (C), Presence of a fibrous layer (D) Signup and view all the answers

What are the main components of the temporal lobe?

Auditory association area and olfactory cortex (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is ossification?

The formation of or conversion into bone (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which composition is NOT part of bone tissue?

Red blood cells (B) Signup and view all the answers

How does trabecular bone contribute to the skeletal system?

It facilitates blood cell formation (B), It absorbs and distributes mechanical forces (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which layer is NOT one of the cranial meninges?

Endocranium (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the blood-brain barrier?

To isolate the CNS from the general circulation (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve is responsible for taste sensation?

Facial nerve (B) Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes compact bone from trabecular bone?

Compact bone provides strength mainly in the long axis (B) Signup and view all the answers

What type of ossification occurs in the formation of flat bones?

Intramembranous ossification (B) Signup and view all the answers

What primarily causes the resting membrane potential of -70mV?

High concentrations of K+ inside the cell and Na+ outside (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve controls motor functions of the tongue?

Hypoglossal nerve (D) Signup and view all the answers

What role does cerebrospinal fluid play in the CNS?

Cushions, supports, and transports nutrients (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which ion moves passively out of the cell faster than Na+ moves in?

K+ (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes a structure that is closer to the center of the body?

Proximal (C) Signup and view all the answers

What kind of neuron has two processes, one dendrite and one axon, with the cell body situated between them?

Bipolar (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the dorsal root of a spinal nerve?

Brings sensory information to the spinal cord (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for higher-level functions that distinguish humans from other animals?

Neocortex (C) Signup and view all the answers

What structures within the spinal cord contain the cell bodies of sensory neurons?

Dorsal root ganglia (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neuron is most commonly found in the central nervous system (CNS)?

Multipolar (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the ventral body cavity?

Contains thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic organs (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the spinal cord?

Acts as a major passageway for sensory and motor impulses (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component that makes up rhodopsin?

Opsin and retinal (B) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the nerve fibers at the optic chiasm?

Half of the nerve fibers from each eye cross over. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Where are the sensory neurons that monitor cochlear hair cells located?

Spiral ganglion (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which structure contains hair cells responsible for hearing?

Organ of Corti (A) Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the process of sound wave transmission in the ear?

Arrival of sound waves at the tympanic membrane (C) Signup and view all the answers

What fluid fills the chambers surrounding the cochlear duct?

Perilymph (C) Signup and view all the answers

During which step does the basilar membrane vibrate?

When pressure waves reach the round window (C) Signup and view all the answers

What structure separates the middle ear from the ear canal?

Tympanic membrane (B) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Levels of Organisation

Integumentary system includes hair, epidermis, glands, and nails.
Appendicular muscles support, move, and brace limbs.
Axial muscles are for the head, neck, and core.
CNS (central nervous system) is the brain and spinal cord.
PNS (peripheral nervous system) is peripheral nerves.

Endocrine System

Pineal gland is in the middle of the brain/epithalamus.
Pituitary gland is at the base of the brain, behind the nose bridge.
Parathyroid gland is located in the neck.
Thyroid gland is located in the neck.
Pancreas is in the abdomen.
Adrenal glands and kidneys are also in the abdomen.
Ovaries are in females.
Testes are in males.

Lymphatic System

Lymph nodes filter waste products.
Thymus makes T lymphocytes.
Spleen controls the level of blood cells.
Lymphatic vessels are part of this system.

Respiratory System

Nasal cavity is the first structure.
Sinuses are air-filled spaces.
Pharynx is a passageway.
Larynx is the voice box.
Trachea is the windpipe.
Bronchi lead to the lungs.
Lungs are the main organs.
Diaphragm is the muscle for breathing.

Digestive System

Salivary glands release saliva with amylase for starch breakdown.
Pharynx is a passageway.
Oesophagus is a tube carrying food.

Urinary System

Kidneys filter blood to remove waste and extra fluid.
Ureters carry urine from kidneys to the bladder.
Urinary bladder stores urine.
Urethra excretes urine.

Reproductive System

Male reproductive system includes ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, urethra, penis, epididymis, and testes.
Female reproductive system includes mammary glands, uterine tubes, ovaries, uterus, and vagina.

Anatomical Landmarks

Cephalon = head
Axilla = armpit
Brachium = arm
Antebrachium = forearm
Carpus = wrist
Pollex = thumb
Digits = fingers or toes
Tarsus = ankle
Hallux = great toe
Manus = hand
Umbilicus = navel, belly button
Mamma = breast
Thoracis = thorax = chest

Body Cavities

Dorsal cavity contains the brain and spinal cord.
Ventral cavity contains the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic organs.

The Nervous System

CNS integrates sensory data and motor commands.
PNS delivers sensory information to the CNS.

Neurons

Anaxonic neurons are found in the brain and special sense organs.
Bipolar neurons have 2 processes (1 dendrite, 1 axon).
Unipolar neurons have continuous dendrites and axon.
Multipolar neurons have 2 or more dendrites, 1 axon.
Most motor neurons control skeletal muscle.

The Spinal Cord

Passageway for sensory and motor impulses.
Integrates information (controls reflex and automatic responses).
Contains 31 segments and dorsal/ventral roots.

The Brain

Higher brain (neocortex/cerebral cortex) distinguishes us from other animals.
Frontal lobe contains the primary motor cortex and premotor cortex.

The Cranial Nerves

Olfactory (sensor)
Optic (sensor)
Oculomotor (motor)
Trochlear (motor)
Trigeminal (sensor and motor)
Abducens (motor)
Facial (sensor and motor)
Vestibulocochlear (sensor)
Glossopharyngeal (sensor and motor)
Vagus (sensor and motor)
Accessory (motor)
Hypoglossal (motor)

Action Potentials, Synapses, and Neurotransmitters

Resting membrane potential is -70mV.
Extracellular fluid contains high Na+ and Cl-.
Intracellular fluid contains high K+ and negatively charged proteins.

Tissues (Epithelial)

Layers of cells forming linings, membranes, and glands.
Classified by the number of cell layers (simple or stratified).
Classified by the shape of cells (squamous, cuboidal, columnar, or transitional).
- Simple squamous reduces friction, absorption and secretion. Examples are linings of blood vessels and alveoli.
- Stratified squamous provides physical protection, example is the skin.
- Simple cuboidal is for protection, secretion, and absorption. Examples include glands and ducts.
- Stratified cuboidal. Functions include protection, secretion, and absorption. A rare example is the lining of ducts.
- Transitional epithelium permits expansion and recoil after stretching. Example is the urinary bladder.
- Simple columnar epithelium carries out functions of protection, secretion, and absorption. Example locations are lining of the stomach and intestines.

###Connective Tissues

Contains cells, fibres, and ground substance.
Types include fluid (blood, lymph), loose connective tissue (e.g., adipose, reticular), dense connective tissue (dense regular, dense irregular, elastic), cartilage (hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage), and bone.

Bone Physiology

Functions include support, leverage, protection, calcium storage, and blood cell production.
Bones are classified into flat, long, short, irregular, and sesamoid.
Bone tissue is composed of matrix (minerals and protein) and cells (osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and osteocytes).

Skeletal Anatomy

Projections include processes, trochanters, tubercles, crests, and spines.
Articulating surfaces include heads, condyles, and facets.
Openings include foramina and canals.

Joints

Articulations where two or more bones meet.
Classified functionally by the amount of movement (synarthrosis = immovable, amphiarthrosis = slightly movable, diarthrosis = freely movable).
Classified structurally by the material between them (fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial).

Specific Joint Types

Bony fusion
Fibrous (suture, gomphosis, syndesmosis)
Cartilaginous (synchondrosis, symphysis)
Synovial (gliding, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, ball and socket)

Integumentary System

Skin's outermost layer is the epidermis, composed of keratinized cells.
Connective tissue, the dermis, lies below.
Hypodermis is the deepest layer.

Muscle Physiology

Muscle cells are responsible for movement in the body.
Muscles consist of individual cells or fibres surrounded by connective tissues.
Muscles are controlled by nerves.
Contain the structural proteins titin, nebulin, and desmin.
Sliding filaments cause muscle contraction of sliding past one another.

Nerve Function

The action potential is caused from sodium entering the axon. Potassium leaves to reset membrane potential.
The motor neuron is the nerve cell involved.
Includes a motor unit containing the motor neuron and all its fibres.
Gross movements require more fibers per unit.
Fine movements require fewer fibers per unit.

Muscle Spindles

Highly specialized muscle fibers located in parallel with regular muscle fibers.
Detect changes in muscle length.
Sensory neurons are part of the muscle spindle structure.

The Brain and Special Senses

Olfaction (smell): Chemicals stimulate olfactory receptors.
Taste: Located on the tongue, with taste buds containing receptors for different tastes.
Vision: Light enters the eye, is refracted by the cornea and lens, and focused onto the retina.
Hearing: Sound waves vibrate the tympanic membrane triggering vibrations of the ossicles.

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Description

Test your knowledge on human anatomy and physiology with this quiz. Questions cover various systems including lymphatic, respiratory, and urinary, as well as joint classifications. See how well you understand the structure and functions of the human body.