Overview of Heart Disease

<p>It elevates the diaphragm, making it harder for the lungs to expand (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitral stenosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased blood flow through the left atrium due to the back-pressure from the lungs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased size of individual myocytes with interstitial fibrosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dyspnea on exertion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Centrilobular congestion surrounded by pale, noncongested parenchyma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Right-sided heart failure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can lead to the formation of cardiac cirrhosis due to fibrosis in the central areas of the liver. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased blood pressure in the pulmonary circulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Left-sided heart failure causes congestion in the peripheral areas of the liver lobule, while right-sided heart failure causes congestion in the central areas. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased cardiac output due to left ventricular hypertrophy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Impaired absorption of nutrients and medications (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pulmonary hypertension (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pulmonary edema (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased hydrostatic pressure in the peritoneal cavity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries of the lower extremities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Left-sided heart failure primarily manifests with respiratory symptoms while right-sided heart failure primarily manifests with systemic symptoms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The protein content of the effusion is significantly higher in combined left and right-sided heart failure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aortic stenosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Production of new myofibrils (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased risk of ischemic injury (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased ventricular wall thickness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Marathons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ischemic heart disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Promoting diuresis and vasodilation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased heart rate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pulmonary hypertension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stretch-sensitive ion channels in the atrial wall (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased stroke volume (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased preload and afterload (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antibiotics to treat bacterial infections (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypoxic encephalopathy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diastolic failure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diabetic neuropathy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is often characterized by an inability of the heart to relax and fill effectively. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The heart's ability to compensate for reduced contractility by increasing its stroke volume through dilation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The neurohumoral system compensates for decreased cardiac function by increasing heart rate, contractility, and vascular resistance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased venous congestion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased fluid buildup in the lungs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A condition where the heart can't pump enough blood to meet the body's needs.

Inability to eject blood due to poor myocardial contractile function.

Inability of the heart to relax and fill properly, preserving ejection fraction.

Occurs when heart failure is present but left ventricular ejection fraction is ≥50%.

Inadequate cardiac output leading to insufficient blood supply to tissues.

Increased congestion in the venous circulation due to heart failure.

Increased filling volume enhances myocardial contractility, improving output temporarily.

Activation of systems that increases heart rate, contractility, and fluid retention in heart failure.

A hormone that balances the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system via diuresis and relaxation of blood vessels.

Enlargement of cardiac myocytes due to increased workload, resulting in increased muscle mass.

Thickening of the ventricular wall with unchanged chamber size, often due to pressure overload.

Dilation of the ventricle with increased chamber size, commonly seen in volume overload.

Damage to heart tissue due to insufficient blood supply, often related to hypertrophy.

Cardiac hypertrophy associated with increased mortality, often leading to sudden cardiac death.

Heart muscle adaptation due to regular aerobic exercise, improving capillary density and reducing heart rate.

A condition where the left side of the heart fails to pump blood effectively, leading to fluid backup.

A condition characterized by diminished systemic perfusion and increased pulmonary back pressure.

Enlargement and thickening of the heart's left ventricle often seen in heart failure.

A condition where the mitral valve does not close properly, leading to backflow into the left atrium.

An irregular and often rapid heart rate that can occur in the context of heart failure.

Swelling and fluid buildup in the lungs due to left-sided heart failure.

Shortness of breath; often the first symptom of left-sided heart failure.

Shortness of breath when lying flat, relieved by sitting or standing.

Macrophages in the lungs that contain hemosiderin due to previous pulmonary edema episodes.

A sudden episode of severe breathlessness at night, often waking patients.

A third heart sound indicating rapid ventricular filling, typically heard in heart failure.

Backward flow of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium due to valve dysfunction.

Blood clots that can develop due to stasis, particularly in the atrial appendage.

Hormonal system activated in response to decreased renal perfusion, increasing blood volume.

Reduced blood flow to the brain causing symptoms like irritability and diminished cognition.

Medications that help heart failure by lowering blood pressure and reducing fluid retention.

A condition where the right side cannot pump blood effectively due to increased pressure in the pulmonary circulation.

Right-sided heart failure caused primarily by lung disorders.

Increased pressure in the pulmonary arteries leading to right heart issues.

Enlargement of the liver due to congestion from right-sided heart failure.

Liver appearance with dark central areas due to passive congestion.

Enlargement of the spleen due to increased portal vein pressure.

Fibrosis of the liver due to long-standing right-sided heart failure.

Swelling in the bowel walls due to chronic passive congestion.

Fluid accumulation in the pleural space due to heart failure, often low protein.

Fluid accumulation around the heart caused by systemic congestion from right-sided heart failure.

Fluid accumulation in the peritoneal cavity, resulting from hepatic congestion and portal hypertension.

Swelling that leaves an indentation when pressed, common in lower limbs during right-sided heart failure.

Heart failure affecting both right and left sides, showing symptoms of both types.