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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of salivary amylase found in saliva?
What is the primary function of salivary amylase found in saliva?
Which part of the tooth is located above the gum line?
Which part of the tooth is located above the gum line?
What is the primary component of the tooth that serves to protect it?
What is the primary component of the tooth that serves to protect it?
What condition results from the dental decay due to bacterial action on sugars?
What condition results from the dental decay due to bacterial action on sugars?
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Which structure is responsible for the mechanical breakdown of food and aids in its movement?
Which structure is responsible for the mechanical breakdown of food and aids in its movement?
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What does gingivitis refer to?
What does gingivitis refer to?
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Which of these best describes the esophagus?
Which of these best describes the esophagus?
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Which pair of glands is responsible for secreting saliva?
Which pair of glands is responsible for secreting saliva?
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What is the function of pancreatic amylase in the small intestine?
What is the function of pancreatic amylase in the small intestine?
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Which structure increases the surface area of the small intestine to enhance nutrient absorption?
Which structure increases the surface area of the small intestine to enhance nutrient absorption?
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Where do fat-soluble nutrients enter the lymphatic system after absorption in the small intestine?
Where do fat-soluble nutrients enter the lymphatic system after absorption in the small intestine?
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What is one of the roles of pancreatic secretions in the small intestine?
What is one of the roles of pancreatic secretions in the small intestine?
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Which nutrients are primarily absorbed into the blood capillaries of a villus?
Which nutrients are primarily absorbed into the blood capillaries of a villus?
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Trypsin, produced by the pancreas, is responsible for digesting which type of nutrient?
Trypsin, produced by the pancreas, is responsible for digesting which type of nutrient?
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What type of projections are found on the mucosa of the small intestine that aid in nutrient absorption?
What type of projections are found on the mucosa of the small intestine that aid in nutrient absorption?
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How do nutrients absorbed in the small intestine reach the cells of the body?
How do nutrients absorbed in the small intestine reach the cells of the body?
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What enzyme is primarily responsible for digesting proteins in the stomach?
What enzyme is primarily responsible for digesting proteins in the stomach?
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What role does hydrochloric acid (HCl) play in the stomach?
What role does hydrochloric acid (HCl) play in the stomach?
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What is chyme?
What is chyme?
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What structure regulates the flow of chyme into the small intestine?
What structure regulates the flow of chyme into the small intestine?
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What condition is characterized by chronic heartburn caused by stomach contents entering the esophagus?
What condition is characterized by chronic heartburn caused by stomach contents entering the esophagus?
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What substance is secreted by the pancreas into the duodenum to aid in digestion?
What substance is secreted by the pancreas into the duodenum to aid in digestion?
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What function does bile serve in the digestive system?
What function does bile serve in the digestive system?
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Which of the following best describes the gastric mucous membrane?
Which of the following best describes the gastric mucous membrane?
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What role does the hepatic portal vein play in relation to the liver?
What role does the hepatic portal vein play in relation to the liver?
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What substance does the liver produce for digestion?
What substance does the liver produce for digestion?
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Which of the following statements about liver glucose management is true?
Which of the following statements about liver glucose management is true?
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What is a common cause of hepatitis?
What is a common cause of hepatitis?
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What can cause jaundice in liver disease?
What can cause jaundice in liver disease?
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Cirrhosis is often associated with which of the following?
Cirrhosis is often associated with which of the following?
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How does the liver respond to damage in terms of regeneration?
How does the liver respond to damage in terms of regeneration?
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What is the primary function of the gallbladder?
What is the primary function of the gallbladder?
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Which of the following vitamins are classified as fat soluble?
Which of the following vitamins are classified as fat soluble?
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What is a common characteristic of anorexia nervosa?
What is a common characteristic of anorexia nervosa?
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Which statement about bulimia nervosa is accurate?
Which statement about bulimia nervosa is accurate?
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How many vitamins are there in total?
How many vitamins are there in total?
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Which types of nutrients are suggested to contribute to the obesity epidemic?
Which types of nutrients are suggested to contribute to the obesity epidemic?
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What type of carbohydrates should be limited in a diet?
What type of carbohydrates should be limited in a diet?
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Which type of proteins contains all 20 amino acids?
Which type of proteins contains all 20 amino acids?
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Which type of fat is typically solid at room temperature?
Which type of fat is typically solid at room temperature?
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What must be ingested daily as the body does not store them?
What must be ingested daily as the body does not store them?
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What type of fats do not contribute to cardiovascular disease?
What type of fats do not contribute to cardiovascular disease?
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What is one of the primary functions of calcium in the body?
What is one of the primary functions of calcium in the body?
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Which of the following is a source of incomplete proteins?
Which of the following is a source of incomplete proteins?
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What happens to the nutrients during the refinement of grains?
What happens to the nutrients during the refinement of grains?
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Study Notes
Overview of Digestion
- Digestion breaks down food into usable subunits.
- The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is where digestion occurs.
- These subunits can then cross the plasma membrane.
- The blood transports the nutrients to the body's cells.
Accessory Organs
- Salivary glands produce saliva with an enzyme to begin carbohydrate digestion.
- The liver processes and stores nutrients, producing bile for fat emulsification.
- The gallbladder stores bile produced by the liver.
- The pancreas contains digestive enzymes and produces insulin.
Stages of Digestion
- Ingestion: Taking food into the mouth.
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Digestion: Breaking down food into subunits.
- Mechanical: Chewing in the mouth and stomach contractions.
- Chemical: Digestive enzymes breaking down macromolecules.
- Movement: Food is moved along the GI tract by peristalsis.
- Absorption: Nutrients move across the GI tract wall into the blood.
- Elimination: Removal of indigestible waste as feces (defecation).
The Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus
- The mouth receives food, initiating mechanical and chemical digestion.
- The pharynx is a passageway for both food and air.
- The esophagus is a muscular tube transporting food to the stomach.
- The soft palate separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity.
- The uvula is the posterior extension of the soft palate.
- The tonsils are lymphatic tissue protecting from disease.
- Teeth mechanically digest food.
- Incisors, canines, premolars, and molars are types of teeth.
- Enamel, dentin, pulp, and root canal are components of teeth.
- Dental caries are tooth decay from bacteria metabolizing sugars, producing acids.
- Gingivitis is inflamed gums.
The Stomach
- The stomach stores food and begins protein digestion.
- It doesn't absorb nutrients.
- The inner lining has deep folds (rugae).
- The stomach produces pepsin for protein digestion, hydrochloric acid for killing bacteria and activating pepsin, and mucus for protection.
- Chyme is a mixture of food and stomach secretions.
- The pyloric sphincter controls the release of chyme into the small intestine.
- Heartburn (GERD) is the failure of the lower esophageal sphincter.
The Small Intestine
- Digestion is completed in the small intestine.
- The pancreas secretes enzymes into the duodenum (first part of the small intestine).
- Bile from the liver enters the duodenum to emulsify fats.
- Mechanical digestion in the small intestine also causes fats to disperse.
- Lipase from the pancreas breaks down fats into glycerol and fatty acids.
- Pancreatic secretions increase the pH of chyme.
- Trypsin breaks down proteins.
- Pancreatic amylase breaks down carbohydrates.
- The small intestine's villi (fingerlike projections) and microvilli (projections on the villi) increase surface area for nutrient absorption.
- Water-soluble nutrients are absorbed into blood capillaries.
- Fat-soluble nutrients enter lymph capillaries (lacteals).
Lactose Intolerance
- Lactose is a sugar in milk.
- Lactase is the enzyme that digests lactose.
- People with lactose intolerance lack enough lactase.
- This leads to digestive issues after consuming dairy products.
- Bacteria breaking down lactose causes digestive issues.
The Large Intestine
- The large intestine absorbs water from feces to prevent dehydration.
- It absorbs vitamins produced by bacteria.
- It forms feces, containing water, bacteria, and fiber.
- Feces are expelled during defecation.
- Disorders like diarrhea (increased peristalsis), constipation (dry, hard feces), and hemorrhoids (enlarged blood vessels) can affect the large intestine.
Polyps and Cancer
- Polyps are small growths in the colon lining, potentially cancerous.
- Increased dietary fat can increase colon cancer risk.
- Colon cancer can be cured if detected when limited to a polyp.
- Regular elimination and high fiber intake reduce colon cancer risk.
The Accessory Organs and Regulation of Secretions
- Accessory organs include the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder.
- The pancreas secretes pancreatic juice to the duodenum, containing digestive enzymes and alkaline solutions.
- The liver produces bile to emulsify fats.
- The liver also stores glucose as glycogen.
- The gallbladder stores bile produced by the liver.
- Secretion regulation controls the release of secretions as needed in digestion.
Liver Disorders
- Hepatitis: Viral inflammation of the liver.
- Cirrhosis: Liver damage from factors like excessive alcohol consumption.
- Bile pigments leaking into the blood can cause jaundice.
Nutrition and Weight Control
- Body Mass Index (BMI) is a measure of body fat based on height and weight.
- BMI values can suggest risk factors of health problems.
- Nutrients include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals.
Eating Disorders
- Anorexia nervosa: Fear of gaining weight through self-starvation and excessive exercise.
- Bulimia nervosa: Cycle of binging (eating large amounts of food) followed by purging (methods to remove the food).
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Description
This quiz covers the essential processes of digestion, including the roles of the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs. Learn about the stages of digestion from ingestion to elimination, as well as the functions of salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Test your knowledge on how nutrients are processed and absorbed in the body.
