Overview of Digestion and Accessory Organs
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of salivary amylase found in saliva?

  • To initiate carbohydrate digestion (correct)
  • To assist in fat digestion
  • To initiate protein digestion
  • To neutralize stomach acid

Which part of the tooth is located above the gum line?

  • Root
  • Crown (correct)
  • Enamel
  • Pulp

What is the primary component of the tooth that serves to protect it?

  • Cementum
  • Enamel (correct)
  • Pulp
  • Dentin

What condition results from the dental decay due to bacterial action on sugars?

<p>Dental caries (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is responsible for the mechanical breakdown of food and aids in its movement?

<p>Tongue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does gingivitis refer to?

<p>Inflammation of the gums (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these best describes the esophagus?

<p>A muscular tube leading to the stomach (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pair of glands is responsible for secreting saliva?

<p>Salivary glands (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of pancreatic amylase in the small intestine?

<p>It digests carbohydrates. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure increases the surface area of the small intestine to enhance nutrient absorption?

<p>Both A and B (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do fat-soluble nutrients enter the lymphatic system after absorption in the small intestine?

<p>Lacteals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the roles of pancreatic secretions in the small intestine?

<p>To neutralize acidic chyme. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nutrients are primarily absorbed into the blood capillaries of a villus?

<p>Water-soluble nutrients (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Trypsin, produced by the pancreas, is responsible for digesting which type of nutrient?

<p>Proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of projections are found on the mucosa of the small intestine that aid in nutrient absorption?

<p>Villi (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do nutrients absorbed in the small intestine reach the cells of the body?

<p>Via blood circulation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What enzyme is primarily responsible for digesting proteins in the stomach?

<p>Pepsin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does hydrochloric acid (HCl) play in the stomach?

<p>It activates pepsin and kills bacteria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is chyme?

<p>A mixture of food and stomach secretions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure regulates the flow of chyme into the small intestine?

<p>Pyloric sphincter (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by chronic heartburn caused by stomach contents entering the esophagus?

<p>Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What substance is secreted by the pancreas into the duodenum to aid in digestion?

<p>Digestive enzymes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function does bile serve in the digestive system?

<p>Emulsifies fat (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the gastric mucous membrane?

<p>It has deep folds and produces mucus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the hepatic portal vein play in relation to the liver?

<p>It brings blood from the GI tract to the liver. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What substance does the liver produce for digestion?

<p>Bile (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about liver glucose management is true?

<p>The liver breaks down glycogen to release glucose when needed. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of hepatitis?

<p>A viral infection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can cause jaundice in liver disease?

<p>Bile pigments leaking into the blood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cirrhosis is often associated with which of the following?

<p>Malnutrition and excessive alcohol consumption (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the liver respond to damage in terms of regeneration?

<p>It can regenerate and recover if regeneration exceeds damage rate. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the gallbladder?

<p>To store bile. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following vitamins are classified as fat soluble?

<p>Vitamin K (B), Vitamin A (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of anorexia nervosa?

<p>Fear of gaining weight (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about bulimia nervosa is accurate?

<p>It results in eating large amounts of food followed by purging. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many vitamins are there in total?

<p>13 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which types of nutrients are suggested to contribute to the obesity epidemic?

<p>Carbohydrates and fats (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of carbohydrates should be limited in a diet?

<p>Refined grains (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of proteins contains all 20 amino acids?

<p>Complete proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fat is typically solid at room temperature?

<p>Saturated fats (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must be ingested daily as the body does not store them?

<p>Amino acids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of fats do not contribute to cardiovascular disease?

<p>Unsaturated fats (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary functions of calcium in the body?

<p>Muscle contraction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a source of incomplete proteins?

<p>Beans (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the nutrients during the refinement of grains?

<p>Fiber and essential nutrients are removed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Stomach Lining Folds

The inner lining of the stomach has deep folds that increase surface area for secretions like pepsin and hydrochloric acid.

Pepsin

An enzyme in the stomach that digests proteins.

Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)

A stomach acid with a pH of 2, that kills bacteria and activates pepsin.

Chyme

A mixture of food and stomach secretions.

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Pyloric Sphincter

A muscular valve that controls the release of chyme into the small intestine.

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Heartburn (GERD)

A burning sensation in the esophagus caused by acidic chyme refluxing from the stomach.

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Small Intestine Digestion

Digestion completed in small intestine using enzymes from pancreas and liver/gallbladder.

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Bile Emulsification

Bile breaks down fats into smaller droplets, increasing surface area for fat-digesting enzymes (lipase).

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Salivary glands

Three pairs of glands that secrete saliva containing amylase, which starts carbohydrate digestion.

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Tongue function

Assists in the mechanical breakdown of food and its movement.

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Teeth function

Mechanically digest food through chewing and grinding.

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Tooth structure (Crown)

The part of the tooth above the gum line.

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Tooth structure (Root)

The portion of the tooth below the gum line.

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Tooth decay (Dental Caries)

Tooth decay caused by bacteria metabolizing sugar and producing acids that erode teeth.

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Pharynx

A passage that serves as a connection between the mouth and nasal passages, leading to the food and air passages.

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Esophagus

A muscular tube that moves food from the pharynx to the stomach.

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Pancreatic amylase

An enzyme produced by the pancreas that digests carbohydrates in the small intestine.

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Trypsin

A pancreatic enzyme that digests proteins in the small intestine.

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Neutralizing Chyme

Pancreatic secretions raise the pH of acidic chyme in the small intestine.

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Villi

Finger-like projections in the small intestine mucosa.

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Microvilli

Tiny projections on the cells covering villi.

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Nutrient Absorption

The process where nutrients are taken from the small intestine into the body.

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Lacteal

A small lymphatic capillary in a villus that absorbs fat-soluble nutrients.

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Blood Capillaries

Blood vessels in a villus that absorb water-soluble nutrients.

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Liver function

The liver processes blood from the GI tract, stores vitamins, regulates blood glucose, produces plasma proteins, and produces bile.

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Hepatic portal vein

Blood vessel that carries blood from the GI tract to the liver.

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Blood glucose homeostasis

The liver stores glucose as glycogen and releases it when blood sugar is low.

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Gallbladder function

Stores bile produced by the liver.

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Gallstones

Solid material that forms in the gallbladder.

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Jaundice

Yellowing of the eyes and skin due to bile leakage into the blood.

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Hepatitis

Inflammation of the liver, often viral.

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Cirrhosis

Chronic liver disease, often caused by alcohol abuse.

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Fat-soluble vitamins

Vitamins that dissolve in fats, such as vitamins A, D, E, and K

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Water-soluble vitamins

Vitamins that dissolve in water, such as B and C vitamins.

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Anorexia nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by fear of weight gain and often involving self-starvation and excessive exercise.

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Bulimia nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by binge-eating episodes followed by purging to avoid weight gain.

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Obesity epidemic

A significant increase in the number of people who are obese, potentially linked to high consumption of carbohydrates and fats.

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Simple Carbohydrates

Sugars that are easily digested into glucose.

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Complex Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates that break down into glucose.

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Complete Proteins

Proteins containing all essential amino acids.

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Incomplete Proteins

Proteins lacking one or more essential amino acids.

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Saturated Fats

Fats typically solid at room temperature.

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Unsaturated Fats

Fats usually liquid at room temperature and don't cause heart problems.

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Calcium's Role

Essential for nerve signals, muscle movement, and blood clotting.

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Refined Grains

Grains with fiber, vitamins, and minerals removed during processing.

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Study Notes

Overview of Digestion

  • Digestion breaks down food into usable subunits.
  • The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is where digestion occurs.
  • These subunits can then cross the plasma membrane.
  • The blood transports the nutrients to the body's cells.

Accessory Organs

  • Salivary glands produce saliva with an enzyme to begin carbohydrate digestion.
  • The liver processes and stores nutrients, producing bile for fat emulsification.
  • The gallbladder stores bile produced by the liver.
  • The pancreas contains digestive enzymes and produces insulin.

Stages of Digestion

  • Ingestion: Taking food into the mouth.
  • Digestion: Breaking down food into subunits.
    • Mechanical: Chewing in the mouth and stomach contractions.
    • Chemical: Digestive enzymes breaking down macromolecules.
  • Movement: Food is moved along the GI tract by peristalsis.
  • Absorption: Nutrients move across the GI tract wall into the blood.
  • Elimination: Removal of indigestible waste as feces (defecation).

The Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus

  • The mouth receives food, initiating mechanical and chemical digestion.
  • The pharynx is a passageway for both food and air.
  • The esophagus is a muscular tube transporting food to the stomach.
  • The soft palate separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity.
  • The uvula is the posterior extension of the soft palate.
  • The tonsils are lymphatic tissue protecting from disease.
  • Teeth mechanically digest food.
  • Incisors, canines, premolars, and molars are types of teeth.
  • Enamel, dentin, pulp, and root canal are components of teeth.
  • Dental caries are tooth decay from bacteria metabolizing sugars, producing acids.
  • Gingivitis is inflamed gums.

The Stomach

  • The stomach stores food and begins protein digestion.
  • It doesn't absorb nutrients.
  • The inner lining has deep folds (rugae).
  • The stomach produces pepsin for protein digestion, hydrochloric acid for killing bacteria and activating pepsin, and mucus for protection.
  • Chyme is a mixture of food and stomach secretions.
  • The pyloric sphincter controls the release of chyme into the small intestine.
  • Heartburn (GERD) is the failure of the lower esophageal sphincter.

The Small Intestine

  • Digestion is completed in the small intestine.
  • The pancreas secretes enzymes into the duodenum (first part of the small intestine).
  • Bile from the liver enters the duodenum to emulsify fats.
  • Mechanical digestion in the small intestine also causes fats to disperse.
  • Lipase from the pancreas breaks down fats into glycerol and fatty acids.
  • Pancreatic secretions increase the pH of chyme.
  • Trypsin breaks down proteins.
  • Pancreatic amylase breaks down carbohydrates.
  • The small intestine's villi (fingerlike projections) and microvilli (projections on the villi) increase surface area for nutrient absorption.
  • Water-soluble nutrients are absorbed into blood capillaries.
  • Fat-soluble nutrients enter lymph capillaries (lacteals).

Lactose Intolerance

  • Lactose is a sugar in milk.
  • Lactase is the enzyme that digests lactose.
  • People with lactose intolerance lack enough lactase.
  • This leads to digestive issues after consuming dairy products.
  • Bacteria breaking down lactose causes digestive issues.

The Large Intestine

  • The large intestine absorbs water from feces to prevent dehydration.
  • It absorbs vitamins produced by bacteria.
  • It forms feces, containing water, bacteria, and fiber.
  • Feces are expelled during defecation.
  • Disorders like diarrhea (increased peristalsis), constipation (dry, hard feces), and hemorrhoids (enlarged blood vessels) can affect the large intestine.

Polyps and Cancer

  • Polyps are small growths in the colon lining, potentially cancerous.
  • Increased dietary fat can increase colon cancer risk.
  • Colon cancer can be cured if detected when limited to a polyp.
  • Regular elimination and high fiber intake reduce colon cancer risk.

The Accessory Organs and Regulation of Secretions

  • Accessory organs include the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder.
  • The pancreas secretes pancreatic juice to the duodenum, containing digestive enzymes and alkaline solutions.
  • The liver produces bile to emulsify fats.
  • The liver also stores glucose as glycogen.
  • The gallbladder stores bile produced by the liver.
  • Secretion regulation controls the release of secretions as needed in digestion.

Liver Disorders

  • Hepatitis: Viral inflammation of the liver.
  • Cirrhosis: Liver damage from factors like excessive alcohol consumption.
  • Bile pigments leaking into the blood can cause jaundice.

Nutrition and Weight Control

  • Body Mass Index (BMI) is a measure of body fat based on height and weight.
  • BMI values can suggest risk factors of health problems.
  • Nutrients include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals.

Eating Disorders

  • Anorexia nervosa: Fear of gaining weight through self-starvation and excessive exercise.
  • Bulimia nervosa: Cycle of binging (eating large amounts of food) followed by purging (methods to remove the food).

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Overview of Digestion PDF

Description

This quiz covers the essential processes of digestion, including the roles of the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs. Learn about the stages of digestion from ingestion to elimination, as well as the functions of salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Test your knowledge on how nutrients are processed and absorbed in the body.

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