Digestion & Blood Glucose
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Questions and Answers

What is one of the key structures damaged by diabetic mellitus (DM) that is associated with hearing loss?

  • Auditory cortex
  • Spiral ganglion neurons (correct)
  • Outer hair cells
  • Cochlear implants

    • What aspect of diabetes mellitus (DM) is closely related to diabetic-related hearing loss (DRHL)?

  • History of ear infections
  • Frequency of blood glucose monitoring
  • Type of insulin prescribed
  • Duration and severity of DM (correct)

    • Which of the following conditions is linked to impaired intestinal barrier function that can lead to chronic heart failure?

  • Hypertension
  • Reflux esophagitis
  • Celiac disease
  • Inflammatory bowel diseases (correct)

    • What is indicated as a major risk factor for the development of heart failure?

    <p>Type 2 diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What connection is noted between gut health and the risk of atherosclerosis?

    <p>Leaky intestinal barrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has recent studies indicated as a consequence of impaired cardiac function in chronic heart failure?

    <p>Barrier defect of intestinal mucosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential intervention area is emphasized in relation to diabetic-related hearing loss?

    <p>Metabolic control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of recent advances in pathological research related to DM?

    <p>Mechanism of diabetic-related hearing loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the digestive system?

    <p>To transfer nutrients, water, and electrolytes into the body's internal environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is NOT considered part of the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the gastrointestinal tract is responsible for absorption and secretion?

    <p>Mucosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the autonomic nerve network in the gastrointestinal tract play?

    <p>Regulating muscular contractions of the tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of mastication?

    <p>Chewing of food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme found in saliva begins the digestion of carbohydrates?

    <p>Amylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the serosa is true?

    <p>It serves as a protective serous membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which process does food enter the digestive tract?

    <p>Ingestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does bile play in digestion?

    <p>It emulsifies fats in the digestive system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tissue layer is NOT part of the gastrointestinal tract wall?

    <p>Epidermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pancreatic hormone is primarily responsible for lowering blood glucose levels?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic difference between type-1 and type-2 diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Type-2 diabetes is primarily due to insulin resistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the structure and function of the large bowel?

    <p>It compacts waste and absorbs water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial treatment for sensorineural hearing loss associated with inflammatory bowel disease?

    <p>Steroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely cause of hearing loss in most patients with diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Autoimmune inner ear disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary aim of the course taught by Dr. Cédric Duval?

    <p>To understand the role of the gastrointestinal system in homeostasis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of pancreatic acini?

    <p>Secretion of pancreatic juice into the duodenum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is released by pancreatic β-cells during high blood glucose levels?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of glucagon when blood glucose levels are low?

    <p>Stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?

    <p>Insulin resistance despite insulin production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of insulin resistance in the vascular system?

    <p>Premature aging of the vascular system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following treatments is NOT typically associated with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?

    <p>Complete elimination of carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do insulin and glucagon function in the body?

    <p>They work in a balancing act to maintain blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the release of insulin from pancreatic β-cells?

    <p>An increase in blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of bile salts in digestion?

    <p>To emulsify fats and form micelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which section of the small intestine is primarily responsible for the majority of nutrient absorption?

    <p>Jejunum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process occurs in the liver that converts glucose into glycogen?

    <p>Glycogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the liver?

    <p>Secretion of pancreatic enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are digested food molecules transported from the small intestine to the liver?

    <p>Via the portal vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of mucous cells in the stomach?

    <p>Secreting mucus and alkaline substances to neutralize gastric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process begins the digestion of proteins in the stomach?

    <p>Activation of pepsin from pepsinogen by HCl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of removing undigested material from the body called?

    <p>Defecation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do acinar cells in the pancreas play?

    <p>Producing digestive enzymes to break down food substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which digestive enzymes are involved in the breakdown of carbohydrates in the small intestine?

    <p>Maltase, sucrase, and lactase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs in the large intestine during the absorption process?

    <p>Reabsorption of salts and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following enzymes digests polysaccharides into disaccharides?

    <p>Pancreatic amylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is chyme primarily composed of?

    <p>A mixture of gastric juice and digested food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the activation of trypsinogen into trypsin?

    <p>Enterokinase secreted by the duodenum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the gallbladder?

    <p>Stores and concentrates bile secreted by the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances can be absorbed in the stomach?

    <p>Water, alcohol, and certain drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Digestion & Blood Glucose

    • Digestion is the process of breaking down food into smaller molecules for absorption.
    • The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is a continuous tube that runs from the mouth to the anus.
    • The GIT has several accessory structures such as teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
    • The GIT is made up of four tissue layers: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa/peritoneum.
    • The mucosa is in direct contact with food and is responsible for secretion and absorption.
    • The submucosa contains an autonomic nerve network.
    • The muscularis has two layers of smooth muscle (circular and longitudinal) enabling movement of food.
    • The serosa is a protective serous membrane and is part of the peritoneum.
    • The mouth is where mastication (chewing) of food occurs.
    • Mechanical digestion breaks down food into smaller particles.
    • Chemical digestion breaks down food into smaller molecules using enzymes.
    • The stomach stores food and continues chemical digestion.
    • The pancreas produces enzymes to break down food substances.
    • The liver produces bile to aid fat digestion and has other important functions.
    • The small intestine is where most nutrient absorption occurs.
    • The large intestine is responsible for water and salt absorption, and elimination of undigested material.
    • Blood glucose regulation is controlled by pancreatic hormones: insulin and glucagon.
    • Insulin lowers blood glucose and glucagon increases blood glucose.
    • Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease where the body attacks insulin-producing cells.
    • Type 2 diabetes is characterised by insulin resistance, a condition where the body does not respond effectively to insulin.

    Learning Outcomes

    • Label a diagram of the GIT.
    • Name and describe the tissue layers of the GIT wall.
    • Explain the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion.
    • Outline the functions of the liver.
    • Outline the role of bile in fat digestion.
    • Describe the structure and function of the large bowel.
    • Describe how blood glucose is regulated by pancreatic hormones.
    • Explain the key differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

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    ARCS1150 Digestion & Blood Glucose PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the processes involved in digestion, focusing on the gastrointestinal tract and its accessory structures. It covers the anatomy of the GIT, mechanical and chemical digestion, and the role of different tissue layers. Test your knowledge on how food is processed and absorbed in the body.

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