Overview of Diabetes Mellitus

Study Notes

Overview of Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia—high blood sugar levels.
High blood sugar results from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.
Persistent high blood sugar damages various organs and tissues, leading to serious complications.
Common types are type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

Type 1 Diabetes

Characterized by insufficient or absent insulin production by the pancreas.
Often diagnosed in childhood or adolescence, but can occur at any age.
Autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells is a primary cause.
Lifelong insulin therapy is needed to manage blood glucose levels.
Genetic predisposition and environmental factors likely contribute to development.
Symptoms include increased thirst, frequent urination, unexplained weight loss, and extreme hunger.

Type 2 Diabetes

Primarily characterized by insulin resistance, where body cells don't respond properly to insulin.
Often develops in adulthood, but can occur in children, especially those with obesity.
Gradual onset; early stages may have no noticeable symptoms.
Lifestyle factors like obesity, lack of physical activity, and unhealthy diet are significant risk factors.
Insulin production may initially be normal or even increased.
Management typically involves lifestyle changes (diet, exercise) and potentially medication (oral hypoglycemic agents, insulin).

Gestational Diabetes

Develops during pregnancy in women without prior diabetes.
High blood glucose levels occur during pregnancy.
Usually resolves after delivery, but increases the risk of later type 2 diabetes for both the mother and child.
Close monitoring and management are vital for a healthy pregnancy and reduce risks.

Diagnosis

Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test measures blood glucose after an overnight fast.
Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) assesses blood glucose after a glucose load.
Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) test reflects average blood glucose levels over several months.

Complications

Diabetic retinopathy: Retina blood vessel damage, leading to vision loss.
Diabetic nephropathy: Kidney damage, potentially progressing to kidney failure.
Diabetic neuropathy: Nerve damage, causing pain, numbness, and other symptoms.
Cardiovascular disease: Increased risk of heart disease, stroke, and other cardiovascular problems.
Foot problems: Increased risk of infections, ulcers, potentially requiring amputation.
Increased risk of general infections.

Management

Maintaining healthy blood glucose levels is crucial.
Lifestyle modifications: Diet, exercise, and weight management.
Medications: Oral hypoglycemic agents and insulin.
Regular blood glucose monitoring.
Regular medical checkups.
Monitoring for complications and promptly managing associated conditions.

Prevention

Maintain a healthy weight.
Engage in regular physical activity.
Follow a balanced, nutritious diet.
Screen for risk factors, enabling early detection.
Avoid smoking.
Manage blood pressure and cholesterol levels.
Control stress levels.
Educate oneself and others on diabetes prevention and management.

Description

This quiz covers the basics of diabetes mellitus, including its types, causes, and complications. Participants will explore the differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes, as well as the underlying mechanisms like insulin production and action. It is essential for understanding diabetes management and prevention.