Overview of Diabetes Mellitus

Overview of Diabetes Mellitus

• Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia—high blood sugar levels.
• High blood sugar results from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.
• Persistent high blood sugar damages various organs and tissues, leading to serious complications.
• Common types are type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

Type 1 Diabetes

• Characterized by insufficient or absent insulin production by the pancreas.
• Often diagnosed in childhood or adolescence, but can occur at any age.
• Autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells is a primary cause.
• Lifelong insulin therapy is needed to manage blood glucose levels.
• Genetic predisposition and environmental factors likely contribute to development.
• Symptoms include increased thirst, frequent urination, unexplained weight loss, and extreme hunger.

Type 2 Diabetes

• Primarily characterized by insulin resistance, where body cells don't respond properly to insulin.
• Often develops in adulthood, but can occur in children, especially those with obesity.
• Gradual onset; early stages may have no noticeable symptoms.
• Lifestyle factors like obesity, lack of physical activity, and unhealthy diet are significant risk factors.
• Insulin production may initially be normal or even increased.
• Management typically involves lifestyle changes (diet, exercise) and potentially medication (oral hypoglycemic agents, insulin).

Gestational Diabetes

• Develops during pregnancy in women without prior diabetes.
• High blood glucose levels occur during pregnancy.
• Usually resolves after delivery, but increases the risk of later type 2 diabetes for both the mother and child.
• Close monitoring and management are vital for a healthy pregnancy and reduce risks.

Diagnosis

• Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test measures blood glucose after an overnight fast.
• Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) assesses blood glucose after a glucose load.
• Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) test reflects average blood glucose levels over several months.

Complications

• Diabetic retinopathy: Retina blood vessel damage, leading to vision loss.
• Diabetic nephropathy: Kidney damage, potentially progressing to kidney failure.
• Diabetic neuropathy: Nerve damage, causing pain, numbness, and other symptoms.
• Cardiovascular disease: Increased risk of heart disease, stroke, and other cardiovascular problems.
• Foot problems: Increased risk of infections, ulcers, potentially requiring amputation.
• Increased risk of general infections.

Management

• Maintaining healthy blood glucose levels is crucial.
• Lifestyle modifications: Diet, exercise, and weight management.
• Medications: Oral hypoglycemic agents and insulin.
• Regular blood glucose monitoring.
• Regular medical checkups.
• Monitoring for complications and promptly managing associated conditions.

Prevention

• Maintain a healthy weight.
• Engage in regular physical activity.
• Follow a balanced, nutritious diet.
• Screen for risk factors, enabling early detection.
• Avoid smoking.
• Manage blood pressure and cholesterol levels.
• Control stress levels.
• Educate oneself and others on diabetes prevention and management.

This quiz covers the basics of diabetes mellitus, including its types, causes, and complications. Participants will explore the differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes, as well as the underlying mechanisms like insulin production and action. It is essential for understanding diabetes management and prevention.