Diabetes Mellitus: An Overview

Type 1 diabetes is characterized by a lack of insulin due to the immune system attacking and destroying insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas.

Two long-term complications include microvascular diseases like retinopathy and macrovascular comorbidities such as coronary artery disease.

Type 2 diabetes is primarily characterized by either a lack of insulin or the body’s inability to use insulin efficiently, whereas Type 1 results from an autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells.

<p>Gestational diabetes is a type of diabetes that develops only during pregnancy and is usually managed with meal planning, increased physical activity, and sometimes insulin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secondary diabetes is caused by another disease or certain medications, which can affect insulin production or utilization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individuals with diabetes often have higher levels of dyslipidemia and inflammatory markers, which contribute to elevated CVD risk compared to those without diabetes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the U.S., White individuals are more likely to develop Type 1 diabetes compared to African American and Hispanic or Latino individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin is a hormone that helps the body use glucose for energy, facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Approximately 2 million Americans have type 1 diabetes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>29.2% of Americans age 65 and older are affected by diabetes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>American Indians/Alaskan Native adults have the highest prevalence at 13.6%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>National health care costs increased by $80 billion from $227 billion in 2012 to $307 billion in 2022.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diabetes is a leading cause of kidney failure, lower-limb amputations, and adult blindness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diabetes was the eighth leading cause of death in the United States.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A 50-year-old diagnosed at age 30, 40, or 50 years died on average 14, 10, or 6 years earlier, respectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type 1 diabetes is caused by an autoimmune reaction that destroys the pancreas's beta cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Overweight and obesity, and insulin resistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) and retinopathy (blindness).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The immune system treats beta cells in the pancreas as foreign invaders, destroying them and leading to little or no insulin production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extreme fatigue and blurred vision.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The 'honeymoon' phase is a temporary period where the body produces enough insulin to lower blood glucose levels, often after starting insulin treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It measures long-term glucose binding to red blood cells, indicating blood glucose levels over the past two to three months.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>At 45 years of age or younger if they have other cardiometabolic risk factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin resistance occurs when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces, leading to impaired glucose uptake and high blood sugar levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Risk factors include high blood sugar levels, high triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol, sedentary lifestyle, and family history of diabetes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) is characterized by elevated blood sugar levels that do not meet diabetes criteria, often preceding Type 2 diabetes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Physical inactivity can exacerbate insulin resistance and contribute to weight gain, both of which increase the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High plasma glucose levels lead to increased insulin secretion from the pancreas, but over time, this can result in beta-cell dysfunction and failure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elevated free fatty acid levels can impair insulin action, leading to increased glucose output by the liver and worsening insulin resistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antidepressants may decrease motivation or energy levels, potentially hindering physical activity, while some types can improve mood and increase activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Athletes should monitor their heart rate and exertion levels, as beta-blockers can reduce physical exertion capacity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Non-adherence can lead to worsening health conditions, which may reduce an individual's ability to engage in physical activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They should consult their healthcare providers about how medications may affect their ability to engage in physical activity and consider adjustments based on individual responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased physical fitness can improve overall health outcomes, including mental health benefits that may enhance the effectiveness of some medications.</p> Signup and view all the answers