Overview of Chemistry and Its Branches

Chemistry is the study of matter, its properties, composition, structure, and changes it undergoes during chemical reactions.
It is often referred to as the "central science" because it connects physical sciences with life sciences and applied sciences.

Organic Chemistry
- Focuses on carbon-containing compounds.
- Studies the structure, properties, reactions, and synthesis of organic molecules.
Inorganic Chemistry
- Deals with inorganic compounds, primarily those that do not contain carbon-hydrogen bonds.
- Includes minerals, metals, and organometallic compounds.
Physical Chemistry
- Combines principles of physics and chemistry to study the physical properties of molecules.
- Involves thermodynamics, kinetics, and quantum chemistry.
Analytical Chemistry
- Focuses on the qualitative and quantitative analysis of substances.
- Techniques include chromatography, spectroscopy, and titration.
Biochemistry
- Studies chemical processes within and related to living organisms.
- Integrates biology and chemistry to understand the molecular mechanisms of biological functions.

Atomic Structure
- Atoms are the basic units of matter, consisting of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
- The atomic number represents the number of protons in an atom.
Molecules and Compounds
- Molecules are formed when atoms bond together.
- Compounds are substances made up of two or more different elements.
Chemical Bonds
- Ionic Bonds: Formed when electrons are transferred between atoms, leading to charged ions.
- Covalent Bonds: Created when atoms share electrons.
Chemical Reactions
- Involve the transformation of reactants into products.
- Can be classified as synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement, and combustion.
Stoichiometry
- The calculation of reactants and products in chemical reactions, based on the conservation of mass.

Solids: Have fixed shape and volume; particles are closely packed.
Liquids: Have fixed volume but take the shape of their container; particles are less tightly packed compared to solids.
Gases: Have neither fixed shape nor volume; particles are far apart and move freely.

Study of energy changes during chemical reactions.
Key concepts:
- Exothermic Reactions: Release heat energy.
- Endothermic Reactions: Absorb heat energy.

Acids: Substances that donate protons (H+) and have a sour taste; measured by pH < 7.
Bases: Substances that accept protons and have a bitter taste; measured by pH > 7.
The pH scale measures the acidity or alkalinity of a solution (0-14).

Titration: Used to determine the concentration of a solution.
Spectroscopy: Analyzes the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation.
Chromatography: Separates mixtures based on differential affinity to a stationary phase.

Always wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE).
Understand the Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for handling chemicals safely.
Follow proper disposal methods for chemical waste.

Chemistry is the study of matter, its properties, composition, structure, and the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions.
It's considered the "central science" because it connects physical sciences with life sciences and applied sciences.

Organic Chemistry: Focuses on carbon-containing compounds, and their structure, properties, reactions, and synthesis.
Inorganic Chemistry: Deals with inorganic compounds, primarily those lacking carbon-hydrogen bonds, including minerals, metals, and organometallic compounds.
Physical Chemistry: Combines physics and chemistry to study the physical properties of molecules. This involves thermodynamics, kinetics, and quantum chemistry.
Analytical Chemistry: Focuses on the qualitative and quantitative analysis of substances. Techniques include chromatography, spectroscopy, and titration.
Biochemistry: Studies chemical processes within and related to living organisms. It integrates biology and chemistry to understand the molecular mechanisms of biological functions.

Atomic Structure: Atoms are the basic units of matter, consisting of protons, neutrons, and electrons. The atomic number represents the number of protons in an atom.
Molecules and Compounds: Molecules are formed when atoms bond together. Compounds are substances made up of two or more different elements.
Chemical Bonds:
- Ionic Bonds: Formed by electron transfer between atoms, resulting in charged ions.
- Covalent Bonds: Created when atoms share electrons.
Chemical Reactions: They involve the transformation of reactants into products. They can be classified as synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement, and combustion.
Stoichiometry: The calculation of reactants and products in chemical reactions, based on the conservation of mass.

Solids: Have a fixed shape and volume; particles are closely packed.
Liquids: Have a fixed volume but take the shape of their container; particles are less tightly packed compared to solids.
Gases: Have neither fixed shape nor volume; particles are far apart and move freely.

The study of energy changes during chemical reactions.
Key Concepts:
- Exothermic Reactions: Release heat energy.
- Endothermic Reactions: Absorb heat energy.

Acids: Substances that donate protons (H+) and have a sour taste; measured by pH < 7.
Bases: Substances that accept protons and have a bitter taste; measured by pH > 7.
The pH scale measures the acidity or alkalinity of a solution (0-14).

Titration: Used to determine the concentration of a solution.
Spectroscopy: Analyzes the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation.
Chromatography: Separates mixtures based on differential affinity to a stationary phase.