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Questions and Answers
What is a primary focus of behaviorism in psychology?
What is a primary focus of behaviorism in psychology?
- Examining the relationship between stimuli and responses (correct)
- Understanding genetic influences on behavior
- Analyzing historical psychological theories
- Studying unobservable mental processes
Who introduced the term 'radical behaviorism'?
Who introduced the term 'radical behaviorism'?
- John B. Watson
- Sigmund Freud
- Ivan Pavlov
- B.F. Skinner (correct)
What assumption underlies the behaviorist perspective?
What assumption underlies the behaviorist perspective?
- The mind's function can be fully understood through introspection
- Most behavior arises from observable stimulus-response interactions (correct)
- Behavior is primarily influenced by unconscious motives
- Genetic makeup is the sole determinant of behavior
What was John B. Watson's view regarding the training of individuals?
What was John B. Watson's view regarding the training of individuals?
What criticism might some have of behaviorism?
What criticism might some have of behaviorism?
What is the primary difference between classical and operant conditioning?
What is the primary difference between classical and operant conditioning?
In classical conditioning, what term describes a stimulus that elicits an unconditional response?
In classical conditioning, what term describes a stimulus that elicits an unconditional response?
What form of conditioning includes the neutral stimulus being presented after the unconditioned stimulus?
What form of conditioning includes the neutral stimulus being presented after the unconditioned stimulus?
Which statement is true regarding generalization in classical conditioning?
Which statement is true regarding generalization in classical conditioning?
What would be an example of a neutral stimulus in classical conditioning before conditioning occurs?
What would be an example of a neutral stimulus in classical conditioning before conditioning occurs?
What does the concept of extinction refer to in classical conditioning?
What does the concept of extinction refer to in classical conditioning?
Which type of classical conditioning occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented before the unconditioned stimulus and they overlap in time?
Which type of classical conditioning occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented before the unconditioned stimulus and they overlap in time?
What does heightened sensitivity in learning suggest?
What does heightened sensitivity in learning suggest?
In the context of classical conditioning, what is an example of a conditioned response?
In the context of classical conditioning, what is an example of a conditioned response?
Which factor can make conditioning more rapid?
Which factor can make conditioning more rapid?
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Study Notes
Behaviorism Overview
- Behaviorism studies psychology through observable cause-and-effect relationships between stimuli and behavior.
- It assumes behavior results from stimulus-response relationships rather than internal mental states.
Key Figures in Behaviorism
- BF Skinner introduced the concept of radical behaviorism, asserting all behavior is explained through observable stimuli and responses.
- John B. Watson famously claimed he could train any infant to become a specific type of professional, regardless of their background.
Classical Conditioning
- Ivan Pavlov, the first behaviorist, discovered classical conditioning while studying dog digestion, particularly "psychic salivations."
- Unconditional reflex: An unconditional stimulus (UCS) elicits an unconditional response (UCR).
- Conditional reflex: A conditional stimulus (CS) elicits a conditional response (CR) after associations with UCS.
Key Terms of Classical Conditioning
- UCS: An event that naturally triggers a response.
- UCR: An automatic, natural reaction to the UCS.
- CS: A previously neutral stimulus that, after association with the UCS, evokes a response.
- CR: The learned response to the CS.
Real-Life Application
- Stressors act as UCS; the stress response is UCR.
- Environmental cues can serve as CS, leading to conditioned stress responses.
Nuances of Learning
- Learning demonstrates curves showcasing concepts like spontaneous recovery and extinction.
- Forgetting and extinction occur when the CS is presented without the UCS, leading to diminished responses.
Forms of Classical Conditioning
- Trace conditioning: A neutral stimulus (NS) is introduced, pausing before introducing UCS.
- Delayed conditioning: NS is sustained before UCS is presented.
- Simultaneous conditioning: NS and UCS presented at the same time.
- Backward conditioning: UCS precedes NS, generally ineffective for learning.
Additional Discoveries
- Conditioning is quicker with unfamiliar neutral stimuli.
- Certain species show easier conditioning with specific UCS-CS pairings (e.g., pigeons with vision).
- Generalization: Responding to stimuli similar to the CS.
- Discrimination: Differentiating stimuli, not responding similarly to new stimuli.
Implications for Learning
- Exploration of how minds associate stimuli can enhance understanding of behavior.
- Next sessions will shift focus to operant conditioning and its behavioral insights.
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