Overview of Ayub Khan's Rule (1958-1969)

A conflict between Pakistan and India over the control of Kashmir. Neither side achieved a decisive victory.

An agreement signed in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, to end the 1965 war between India and Pakistan. It did not resolve the Kashmir dispute.

A Pakistani politician who criticized Ayub Khan's handling of the 1965 war and the Tashkent Agreement. He became a leader of the opposition to Ayub.

The widespread discontent among Pakistanis with the government of Ayub Khan due to perceived lack of democracy, economic inequalities, and dissatisfaction with the handling of the 1965 war.

The 1968 student protests in West Pakistan, sparked by dissatisfaction with Ayub Khan's rule and his policies.

Ayub Khan's decision to declare a period of significant economic progress in Pakistan, but the move failed to reduce the growing discontent and opposition against him.

Ayub Khan's increasingly repressive measures to quell dissent, including arrests and restrictions on political freedom, which further escalated opposition and unrest.

The formation of a coalition of opposition parties in Pakistan in 1969, seeking democratic reforms, including fair elections and autonomy for East Pakistan.

Ayub Khan's government established a program to settle refugees in newly built homes near Karachi. The program aimed to relocate approximately 75,000 refugees.

Ayub Khan's government passed laws requiring factory owners to provide housing for their workers at affordable prices.

The government launched a family planning program to control population growth. Funding for the program was provided by the United States.

Ayub Khan's government invested in the development of medical facilities, including the establishment of medical and nursing schools to increase the number of healthcare professionals.

Ayub Khan's government implemented measures to prevent hoarding of goods and black market practices during a time of shortages, confiscating goods and arresting profiteers, which resulted in lower prices for essential items.

Ayub Khan's government implemented price controls for essential items like milk to prevent profiteering and help families manage their budgets more effectively.

Ayub Khan's government enacted reforms that impacted marriage and divorce, requiring registration of marriages and divorces and court approval for subsequent marriages. It also set a minimum age of 16 for women to marry.

Ayub Khan's government promoted industrial development by seeking loans from industrialized Western countries such as the USA, Germany, and the UK.

Ayub Khan, the President of Pakistan, decided to shift the capital from Karachi to Islamabad in the 1960s, due to various factors including: - Karachi's vulnerability to attack from the Indian Navy - Overcrowding and inadequate infrastructure in Karachi - Concerns about economic disparities between the developed south and underdeveloped north - The desire to establish a planned capital city with a desirable layout - Strategic advantages of Islamabad's location away from the border.

Karachi, Pakistan's largest city, experienced rapid population growth due to an influx of refugees from India and internal migration. As a result, Karachi's infrastructure became strained, leading to a need for a new, planned capital city.

Islamabad was chosen as the new capital due to its location in the Margalla Hills, offering a pleasant climate and distance from the Pak-India border. The area was also relatively undeveloped, enabling the construction of a planned city.

Ayub Khan aimed to shift the power base from the commercially developed south to the Punjab in the north. He believed that the development of Karachi had left northern Pakistan relatively underdeveloped.

The shift of the capital to Islamabad in 1967 marked a significant change in Pakistan's political landscape. The move was motivated by strategic, logistical, and economic considerations.

A military operation launched by Pakistan in 1965 to infiltrate forces into Jammu and Kashmir, attempting to gain control of the region from India.

A full-scale military attack by India on West Pakistan in response to Pakistan's Operation Gibraltar.

The largest tank battle since World War II, fought between India and Pakistan during the 1965 war.

A ceasefire that ended the 1965 Indo-Pakistani war, negotiated with the help of the Soviet Union and the United States.

A declaration signed in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, between India and Pakistan, marking the end of the 1965 war.

The primary battleground for the 1965 Indo-Pakistani war, reflecting the ongoing dispute over the region's control.

The involvement of the Soviet Union and the United States in mediating the end of the 1965 war, highlighting their influence on the Cold War era.

The thousands of casualties suffered by both India and Pakistan during the 1965 war, a reminder of the human cost of conflict.

A military takeover of a government, often by the armed forces, that suspends the constitution and places the country under military rule.

The 1965 war between India and Pakistan, marked by large-scale troop deployments and battles primarily involving infantry and armored units, with significant air and naval support.

Pakistan's first president, who took office in 1956 after Pakistan's status shifted from a Dominion to an Islamic Republic.

A popular leader, Fatima Jinnah campaigned for Pakistan's first presidential election in 1965 against Ayub Khan, winning major cities like Karachi and Dhaka despite alleged election rigging.

Ayub Khan's rule was marked by significant economic progress, with a focus on industrialization and development initiatives. However, his economic policies were unable to address the growing discontent and opposition against his regime.

Ayub Khan's use of increasingly harsh measures, including arrests and limitations on political freedoms, to suppress dissent and opposition, which further amplified public unrest and discontent.

Martial Law in Pakistan in 1958 was declared by Ayub Khan, the then military commander, to address the political and economic instability in the country. He cited the inefficient and ineffective political system, the failure to address important socio-economic issues, and the constant political instability as reasons for taking control. He aimed to implement his own reform agenda which included focusing on economic development and strengthening national institutions.

Ayub Khan came to power in 1958 through a military coup, marking the start of military rule in Pakistan. This period saw the dissolution of the existing parliamentary system and the imposition of martial law. The instability of the previous political system, coupled with the failure to address crucial economic and social issues, provided fertile ground for Khan's rise to power. His promise of stability and economic progress resonated with a population weary of political instability.

Basic Democracies was a system introduced by Ayub Khan after he took power in 1958 in Pakistan. It replaced the parliamentary system of governance, aiming to create a more decentralized and participatory system of governance. The system involved indirect elections where local representatives chose the members for the national assemblies. This system was considered more democratic and inclusive than the previous system but was criticised for its controlled nature and lack of true democratic principles.

Ayub Khan's agricultural policies during his rule from 1958 to 1969 were a significant part of his reform agenda. These policies focused on increasing agricultural production and improving the lives of farmers. Key elements included irrigation projects, land reforms, and the promotion of modern farming techniques. These policies had a positive impact on agricultural output and economic growth, but they were also criticized for benefiting large landowners more than small farmers.