The Ayub Regime (1958-1969)
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Questions and Answers

Why did Iskandar Mirza proclaim Martial Law in Pakistan in 1958?

Iskandar Mirza proclaimed Martial Law to prolong his power.

What did Ayub Khan do to consolidate his authority after taking over the presidency?

Ayub Khan secured a Mandate from the Basic Democrats through a formal vote to enact a new constitution.

What was the main conclusion reached by the Constitution Commission appointed by Ayub Khan in 1960?

The commission concluded that the parliamentary system of government had failed in Pakistan and recommended a presidential form of government.

What were the reasons provided by the Constitution Commission for advocating a presidential system in Pakistan?

<p>To appoint administrators based on merit</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the alternative name given to the Basic Democracies system in Pakistan?

<p>The Basic Democracies system was also known as 'Primary democracy' or 'buniyadi gonotantro'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

When was the Basic Democracies Order introduced in Pakistan?

<p>The Basic Democracies Order was introduced on October 26, 1959.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main objective of Ayub Khan in introducing the Basic Democracies system?

<p>Ayub Khan aimed to institute a system that could be controlled by the rulers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many tiers were there in the Basic Democracies system?

<p>The Basic Democracies system consisted of five tiers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following were included in the Basic Democracies system?

<p>Thana Councils</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which council in the Basic Democracies system was primarily responsible for coordination and supervision?

<p>The thana/tehsil council served as a coordinative and supervisory body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the three types of functions entrusted to the district council in the Basic Democracies system?

<p>Optional</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of the divisional council in the Basic Democracies system?

<p>The divisional council served as an advisory body at the highest level of local government.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the key political and electoral functions of the Basic Democracies system?

<p>Securing popular support</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant event took place in February 1960, related to the Basic Democracies system?

<p>A referendum for presidential elections was held on February 14, 1960, where the Basic Democrats voted for Ayub Khan.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who were the main beneficiaries of the Basic Democracies system?

<p>Big Landlords</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major consequence of the monopolization of electoral rights by the Basic Democrats?

<p>The monopolization of electoral rights by the Basic Democrats led to mass upheaval against Ayub Khan in 1969.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was revealed about the real purpose of basic democracy in the 1962 constitution?

<p>The 1962 constitution revealed that basic democracy was used to form an electoral college for electing the president, national assembly members, and provincial assembly members.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happened to the electoral college of basic democrats after the 1962 constitution was implemented?

<p>The electoral college became the darling of the regime and formed a core group of support for the government and its rulers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

When did the 1956 constitution come into force?

<p>The 1956 constitution was enforced on March 23, 1956.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 1956 constitution was a flexible constitution that could be easily amended.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key objective resolution was included in the 1956 constitution?

<p>The Objectives Resolution, adopted in 1949, was included in the 1956 constitution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of political system was adopted in the 1956 constitution?

<p>The 1956 constitution adopted a parliamentary system with the president as head of state and the prime minister as head of government.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the requirements for the President in the 1956 constitution?

<p>The president was required to be a Muslim of at least forty years of age, his tenure was five years, and he could declare a state of emergency in the country.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant features were included in the 1956 constitution regarding the independence of judiciary?

<p>The 1956 constitution emphasized the independence of the judiciary through the establishment of a Supreme Court that interpreted the constitution, advised the state, and decided issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What fundamental rights were included in the 1956 constitution?

<p>The 1956 constitution included fundamental rights like freedom of movement, speech, expression, choice of profession, religion, and the right to life, liberty, and property.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the official national languages declared in the 1956 constitution?

<p>The 1956 constitution declared Urdu and Bengali as the official national languages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long did Martial Law last in Pakistan following October 8, 1958?

<p>Martial Law lasted for almost 44 months in Pakistan, from October 8, 1958, until June 1962.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Ayub Khan's objective in introducing the 'Basic Democracies' Order in 1959?

<p>Ayub Khan aimed to strengthen his own support base at the grassroots level.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the 'Basic Democracies' referendum held in February 1960?

<p>The referendum resulted in an overwhelmingly high turnout, with 95.6% of the 'Basic Democrats' voting in favor of Ayub Khan.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main point of the 1962 constitution, regarding the form of government?

<p>The 1962 constitution introduced a presidential form of government, making the president the real executive head and independent of the legislature and judiciary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How was the president elected according to the 1962 constitution?

<p>The president was elected indirectly by the Basic Democrats/electoral college.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the implications of the dominance of the executive branch in the 1962 constitution?

<p>The dominance of the executive branch in the 1962 constitution underscored the concentration of power in the president.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the 1962 constitution's declaration of Pakistan as an 'Islamic Republic'?

<p>The 1962 constitution emphasized the Islamic identity of Pakistan, considering Islam as the key weapon for unity and integration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What provision was made in the 1962 constitution regarding laws against the spirit of the Quran and Sunnah?

<p>The 1962 constitution included a provision that no law would be passed against the spirit of the Quran and Sunnah.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What new system was introduced in the 1962 constitution regarding basic democracies?

<p>The 1962 constitution introduced a new system of basic democracies, confirming its continuation from the previous period.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main function of the 'Electoral College' formed by the elected Basic Democrats in the 1962 constitution?

<p>The 'Electoral College' formed by elected Basic Democrats served to indirectly elect the president and members of parliament, further solidifying the indirect election system in the 1962 constitution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key difference existed between the 1962 constitution and the 1956 constitution regarding the judiciary?

<p>Unlike the 1956 constitution, the 1962 constitution significantly diminished the independence of the judiciary, giving the president the authority to appoint and transfer judges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main change introduced in the 1962 constitution regarding the legislature?

<p>The 1962 constitution adopted a unicameral legislature with a single house parliament, both at the center and provincial levels, ensuring a streamlined legislative process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the 1962 constitution differ from the 1956 constitution regarding provincial autonomy?

<p>The 1962 constitution denied provincial autonomy, unlike the 1956 constitution, giving the national assembly the authority to legislate any law deemed necessary, including those pertaining to provinces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What important provision did the 1962 constitution initially lack that was later added in 1963?

<p>The 1962 constitution initially lacked a specific list of fundamental rights, which was later enlisted through the First Amendment Act in 1963, mirroring the 1956 constitution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What provision remained from the 1956 constitution in the 1962 constitution regarding the Speaker and the President?

<p>The 1962 constitution preserved the provision that if the president was from West Pakistan, the speaker would be from East Pakistan.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main difference between the 1962 constitution and the 1956 constitution regarding presidential elections?

<p>Only three candidates were allowed to contest the presidential race under the 1962 constitution, unlike the 1956 constitution, which did not specify a limited number of contestants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the official language of Pakistan declared in the 1962 constitution?

<p>The state language of Pakistan was declared to be Bengali and Urdu under the 1962 constitution, with provisions for English to be used for official purposes until appropriate arrangements for its replacement were made.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant political development occurred in Pakistan in 1965?

<p>The 1965 Presidential Elections took place in January 1965, with two candidates, Ayub and Fatima Jinnah, with Ayub winning a competitively contested election.</p> Signup and view all the answers

When did General Ayub Khan assume the office of the President?

<p>October 28, 1958</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Ayub Khan, the parliamentary system of government was a success in Pakistan.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a reason cited by Ayub Khan for adopting a presidential system in Pakistan?

<p>To allow administrators to be appointed from only the members of Parliament.</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Basic Democracies' was a local government system introduced during which regime?

<p>The Ayub regime</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main objective of General Ayub Khan in introducing Basic Democracies?

<p>To establish a system that could be controlled by the rulers</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many tiers did the Basic Democracies system initially have?

<p>Five</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Basic Democracies system provided specific functions for all five councils.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the most significant feature of the Basic Democracies system?

<p>The formation of the national electoral college</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which council was responsible for the coordination of activities of union councils and town committees in the Basic Democracies system?

<p>The Thana/Tehsil council</p> Signup and view all the answers

What three types of functions were assigned to the District Council in the Basic Democracies system?

<p>Compulsory, optional, and coordinating</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary role of the Divisional Council in the Basic Democracies system?

<p>An advisory body</p> Signup and view all the answers

Basic Democracies only served as local government bodies, with no political or electoral functions.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which year did the referendum for presidential elections take place, resulting in the Basic Democrats voting for Ayub Khan?

<p>1960</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Basic Democracies system primarily benefited only the lower strata of society like farmers and laborers.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following events was a result of the people's discontent with the monopolization of electoral rights by the Basic Democrats?

<p>The Mass Upsurge of 1969</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the central mechanism for electing the President, National Assembly, and provincial assemblies under the 1962 Constitution?

<p>The Electoral College</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 1962 Constitution retained the federal system of government established by the 1956 Constitution.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The President under the 1962 Constitution was directly elected by the people.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The President's term of office under the 1962 Constitution was four years.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The President had complete control over the appointment of members of his Cabinet and Provincial Governors under the 1962 Constitution.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the major principle underlying the 1962 Constitution?

<p>The dominance of the Executive Branch vested in the President</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 1962 Constitution was criticized for establishing a system of governance as 'government of the President, by the President, and for the President'.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 1962 Constitution declared Pakistan to be an Islamic Republic.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Ayub Khan, Islam was the only method to ensure the unity and integration of the fragmented regions of Pakistan.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 1962 Constitution allowed the passage of any legislation that contradicted the tenets of Islam.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 1962 Constitution introduced a system of Basic Democracies, which was entirely different from the one introduced in 1959.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of the elected Basic Democrats under the 1962 Constitution?

<p>They formed the Electoral College to indirectly elect the President and members of parliament</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 1962 Constitution emphasized a direct election system for the President and parliament members.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 1962 Constitution significantly strengthened the independence of the judiciary in Pakistan.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 1962 Constitution introduced a bicameral legislature in Pakistan, with separate houses for the center and provinces.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 1962 Constitution provided provincial autonomy similar to that found in the 1956 Constitution.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 1962 Constitution included a definite list of fundamental rights from the start.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under the 1962 Constitution, if the President was from West Pakistan, the Speaker of Parliament was required to be from East Pakistan.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 1962 Constitution allowed for an unlimited number of candidates to contest the Presidential elections.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the two national languages recognized by the 1962 Constitution in Pakistan?

<p>Bengali and Urdu</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major political event took place in 1965, involving Ayub Khan and Fatima Jinnah?

<p>Presidential elections</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main issue of the Indo-Pak War of 1965?

<p>Kashmir</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant policy was proposed by Bangabandhu in 1966?

<p>The Six-Point Program</p> Signup and view all the answers

What political controversy occurred in 1968, related to a conspiracy against the Pakistani government?

<p>The Agartala Conspiracy Case</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major event in 1969 ultimately led to the fall of Ayub Khan's regime?

<p>Mass Upsarge</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

The Ayub Regime (1958-1969)

  • Iskandar Mirza declared Martial Law in Pakistan on October 8, 1958
  • This allowed General Ayub Khan to seize power on October 28, 1958
  • Ayub Khan assumed the Presidency
  • The Basic Democrats gave Ayub Khan a mandate for a new constitution
  • A Constitution Commission concluded that Pakistan needed a presidential system of government due to perceived failures of parliamentary systems
  • The Commission recommended a presidential form of government

Reasons for Presidential System

  • Avoiding clashes of personalities
  • Preventing legislators from exploiting their positions
  • Ensuring greater stability

Basic Democracies

  • A local government system introduced in the early 1960s

  • Also called 'Primary Democracy' or 'buniyadi gonotantro'

  • Introduced by General Ayub Khan on October 26, 1959

  • Aimed to establish a grass-roots level democracy for support

  • Initially structured in five tiers:

    • Union councils (rural areas)
    • Town committees (urban areas)
    • Thana/tehsil councils (East & West Pakistan)
    • District councils
    • Divisional councils
    • Provincial development advisory councils

  • Union councils were given judicial, law enforcement, and public works roles

  • Union councils were allowed to levy taxes

  • The Basic Democracies comprised the national electoral college (80,000 members to elect the president, national assembly, and provincial assemblies)

Evaluation of Basic Democracies

  • Served as an agent for local government
  • Used political & electoral functions to legitimate the government
  • Basic Democrats voted for Ayub Khan in the 1960 referendum for presidential elections
  • The system benefited landlords, industrialists, and the civil service
  • The monopolization of electoral rights led to mass upheaval against Ayub Khan in 1969

1956 Constitution

  • Took nine years to complete
  • Adopted on February 29, 1956
  • Enforced on March 23, 1956
  • Declared Pakistan an Islamic republic
  • Written and lengthy document
  • Amended through a two-thirds parliamentary majority
  • Defined a federal system with the separation of powers
  • A unicameral legislature
  • Included an independent judiciary with a Supreme Court

Key Features of the 1956 Constitution

  • Written Constitution: A detailed, written document
  • Rigid Constitution: Amendments required a supermajority
  • Islamic Republic of Pakistan: Pakistan was declared an Islamic republic
  • Islamic Law and Sunnah: Laws had to align with Islamic principles
  • Objectives Resolution (March 12, 1949): Included as part of the Constitution
  • Federal System: Powers divided between the central and provincial governments
  • Unicameral Legislature: Single legislative house
  • Parliamentary System: The President was the head of state, while the Prime Minister headed the government
  • Independence of Judiciary: Separate, independent judiciary with powers to interpret the constitution

1962 Constitution of Pakistan

  • Introduced a presidential form of government
  • Presidential elections through the Basic Democrats
  • The president was independent of the legislature & judiciary
  • The President nominated the cabinet and provincial governors
  • Basic Democracies became the electoral college for the election of the President and MPs.
  • Declared Pakistan an Islamic Republic
  • The 1962 Constitution did not initially include a list of fundamental rights but an amendment Act of 1963 introduced the rights.
  • State language to be Bengali and Urdu, with English allowable until replacement was arranged

Subsequent Political Developments

  • 1962 Education Movement
  • 1965 Presidential Elections
  • Indo-Pak War of 1965
  • Widened economic disparity between East and West Pakistan
  • Six Point Program of Bangabandhu
  • Agartala Conspiracy Case
  • Mass upsurge in 1969 leading to the fall of Ayub Regime

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Description

Explore the pivotal events and policies of the Ayub Regime in Pakistan from 1958 to 1969. This quiz covers the declaration of Martial Law, the establishment of a presidential system, and the introduction of Basic Democracies. Test your knowledge on the political changes and their impacts during this significant period.

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