Ovarian Cycle Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of Leydig cells in male physiology?

  • Form the blood-testis barrier
  • Produce androgens like testosterone (correct)
  • Support and nourish developing sperm
  • Undergo meiosis during spermatogenesis

What function do Sertoli cells serve in the seminiferous tubules?

  • Produce excessive sperm
  • Facilitate blood flow in blood vessels
  • Synthesize testosterone
  • Nourish and support developing sperm (correct)

Which phase of spermatogenesis involves the transformation of spermatids into mature sperm?

  • Spermiogenesis (correct)
  • Spermiation
  • Spermatocytogenesis
  • Meiosis

What is the primary purpose of the blood-testis barrier?

<p>Isolate developing gametes from blood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long does it typically take for sperm to complete their maturation process?

<p>65 – 75 days (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the process of spermiation in male reproductive physiology?

<p>Loss of attachment of sperm to nurse cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are specifically responsible for phagocytizing excess spermatid cytoplasm?

<p>Sertoli cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Spermatogonia are best described as what type of cells in the seminiferous tubules?

<p>Stem cells undergoing meiosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the accessory organs in the male reproductive system?

<p>Secrete various fluids into the reproductive tract (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structural feature of the scrotum separates the right and left cavities?

<p>Scrotal septum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the dartos muscle function within the scrotum?

<p>Elevates the testes and reduces heat loss (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does spermatogenesis occur in the male reproductive system?

<p>Lobules of the testes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the tunica vaginalis?

<p>The outer serous membrane covering the testes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by the testes not descending into the scrotum?

<p>Cryptorchidism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the cremaster muscle?

<p>Contracts to pull testes closer during arousal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the tunica albuginea is correct?

<p>It extends to form lobules in the testes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What comprises the spermatic cords?

<p>Fascia, muscle, ducts, and blood vessels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a hydrocele?

<p>Excess fluid collection around the testis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the development of primary oocytes during fetal development?

<p>Migration of primordial germ cells from the yolk sac to the ovaries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the corpus luteum?

<p>To produce hormones like progesterone and estrogen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what stage does oogenesis arrest during fetal development?

<p>Prophase I (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many oocytes are typically ovulated over a woman's reproductive lifetime?

<p>Approximately 500 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure forms from the remnants of the follicle after ovulation?

<p>Corpus luteum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the monthly development of oocytes after puberty?

<p>Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary change that occurs to spermatids during spermiogenesis?

<p>Spermatids change shape from spherical to elongated (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the tunica albuginea located in the ovaries?

<p>Layer of connective tissue beneath the germinal epithelium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a Graafian follicle?

<p>It is a large, fluid-filled follicle ready for ovulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do sustentacular cells play during spermiogenesis?

<p>They dispose of excess cytoplasm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the acrosome in spermatozoa?

<p>To penetrate the ovum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of inhibin in the ovarian cycle?

<p>Inhibits FSH production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur?

<p>It decomposes into corpus albicans (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long does it take for spermatids to mature into sperm?

<p>24 days (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to sperm during spermiation?

<p>Sperm are released from sustentacular cell connections (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary arrangement of the ovarian cortex?

<p>Houses primordial follicles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is capacitation in the context of sperm development?

<p>Process enabling sperm to become motile and functional (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the menstrual cycle, when does a secondary oocyte complete meiosis II?

<p>At fertilization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the sperm contains the genetic material?

<p>Head (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament extends from the uterus to the medial surface of the ovary?

<p>Ovarian ligament (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the tail (flagellum) of the sperm?

<p>To enable movement of the sperm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of primordial follicles at birth?

<p>About 200,000 to 2 million exist (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do sperm lack most organelles?

<p>To reduce size and mass for easier mobility (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of the head of a spermatozoon?

<p>Houses the acrosome and the nucleus with 23 chromosomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage does the formation of primary follicles occur?

<p>Stage 2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure is formed by the proliferation of granulosa cells after ovulation?

<p>Corpus luteum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What marks the transition from the follicular phase to the luteal phase?

<p>Release of secondary oocyte (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the uterine tube is specifically involved in sweeping the secondary oocyte into the tube?

<p>Fimbrae (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical feature serves as the pathway for sperm to reach the uterine tubes?

<p>Vagina (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells secrete fluid that nourishes the ovum in the uterine tube?

<p>Non-ciliated peg cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the stratum functionalis of the endometrium do?

<p>Sloughs off during menstruation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is responsible for providing hormonal signals that initiate menstruation?

<p>Spiral arteries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The layer of smooth muscle in the uterus is referred to as the:

<p>Myometrium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament is commonly associated with pain during pregnancy due to its attachment to the uterus?

<p>Round ligament (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does fertilization most commonly occur?

<p>Ampulla (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What prevents sperm from reaching the uterus during certain times of the menstrual cycle?

<p>Thick cervical mucus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure is responsible for secreting estrogen during the luteal phase?

<p>Granulosa cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes the erection of the penis?

<p>Increase in nitric oxide leading to arterial dilation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the emission of sperm into the prostatic urethra?

<p>Peristaltic contractions in the ampullae of the ductus deferens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary causes of erectile dysfunction?

<p>Interference with neural commands (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone regulates the release of gonadotropins from the anterior pituitary gland?

<p>Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in the male reproductive system?

<p>Promotes spermatogenesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does high testosterone levels affect gonadotropin release?

<p>It inhibits GnRH release (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of luteinizing hormone (LH) in male reproductive physiology?

<p>It triggers testosterone secretion from Leydig cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the ovaries in the female reproductive system?

<p>Production of gametes and hormones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure typically delivers the oocyte or embryo to the uterus?

<p>Uterine tubes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes how testosterone functions in the body?

<p>It is synthesized from cholesterol and is lipid-soluble (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does testosterone have during puberty?

<p>Promotes the maturation of male sex organs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the female reproductive system?

<p>Regulates testosterone levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is dihydrotestosterone (DHT) primarily responsible for?

<p>Development of external male genitals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure is responsible for secreting milk in females?

<p>Mammary glands (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process must sperm undergo to become capable of fertilization?

<p>Capacitation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure undergoes changes during spermiogenesis?

<p>Spermatids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the male reproductive tract is responsible for storing sperm until they mature?

<p>Epididymis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structures in the epididymis increase surface area for reabsorbing degenerated sperm?

<p>Stereocilia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary change that occurs during the maturation of sperm in the epididymis?

<p>Cytoplasmic reduction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape change that a spermatid undergoes during spermiogenesis?

<p>From spherical to elongated (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What component of sperm develops to enable it to penetrate and fertilize an egg?

<p>Acrosome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct sequence of sperm maturation steps before they can fertilize an egg?

<p>Spermiogenesis, capacitation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in semen?

<p>To liquefy semen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do the bulbo-urethral glands play in male reproduction?

<p>Secrete thick, alkaline mucus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much semen is typically released per ejaculation?

<p>2.5 to 5 ml (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to semen within the first 5 minutes after ejaculation?

<p>It coagulates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is primarily responsible for the liquefaction of semen after it has coagulated?

<p>Proteolytic enzymes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical normal range for sperm count in semen?

<p>50 to 150 million/ml (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of citric acid in semen?

<p>To enhance ATP production (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to semen when it enters the acidic environment of the vagina?

<p>It coagulates and then liquefies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do Sertoli cells play in sperm development?

<p>They support and nourish developing sperm. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the blood-testis barrier?

<p>It isolates developing gametes from blood and prevents immune responses. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are developing sperm cells in the seminiferous tubules called during meiosis?

<p>Spermatocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage marks the process when sperm detaches from Sertoli cells?

<p>Spermiation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long does it take for sperm to complete maturation, on average?

<p>65 - 75 days (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells in the seminiferous tubules are primarily responsible for producing fluid for sperm transport?

<p>Sertoli cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary outcome of spermatogenesis?

<p>Production of mature sperm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of Leydig cells in the male reproductive system?

<p>Produce androgens such as testosterone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expanded distal end of the penis that surrounds the external urethral orifice called?

<p>Glans penis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the penis is fixed and attaches it to the body wall?

<p>Root (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What surrounds the penile urethra and expands at the tip of the penis?

<p>Corpus spongiosum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two cylindrical masses located on the dorsal surface of the penis called?

<p>Corpora cavernosa (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the neck of the glans?

<p>Narrow section between the shaft and glans (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the resting state, how does arterial blood flow into the erectile tissue behave?

<p>It is restricted (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the penis consists of two separated, tapered portions?

<p>Crura (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical feature prevents excess blood from entering the erectile tissues in a resting state?

<p>Muscular partitions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the ejaculatory ducts in the male reproductive system?

<p>To convey sperm into the prostatic urethra (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate contribution of seminal glands to the total volume of semen?

<p>60% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is produced by the prostate gland?

<p>Seminalplasmin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary histological feature of the seminal glands?

<p>Pseudostratified columnar epithelium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which portion of the urethra is primarily shared by both the reproductive and urinary systems?

<p>Prostatic urethra (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do prostaglandins play in the male reproductive system?

<p>Stimulate the motility and viability of sperm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical relationship do the seminal vesicles have to the urinary bladder?

<p>They are sandwiched between the bladder and the rectum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle is responsible for peristaltic contractions in the ejaculatory ducts?

<p>Smooth muscle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average number of oocytes that get ovulated over a woman's reproductive lifetime?

<p>500 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the ovarian cycle does ovulation occur?

<p>Luteal phase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the ovary is responsible for covering it?

<p>Germinal epithelium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What forms from the remnants of the follicle after ovulation?

<p>Corpus luteum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to most germ cells before birth?

<p>They undergo atresia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure gives rise to a secondary oocyte and a polar body during oogenesis?

<p>Primary oocyte (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stimulates the development of primary oocytes at puberty?

<p>Follicle stimulating hormone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the secondary oocyte if fertilization does not occur?

<p>It degenerates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by the term atresia in the context of oogenesis?

<p>Degeneration of oocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does oogenesis take place?

<p>Inside a follicle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone is primarily produced by the corpus luteum?

<p>Progesterone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of inhibin in the female reproductive system?

<p>Inhibits FSH production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is characteristic of mature (Graafian) follicles?

<p>They are large, fluid-filled, and ready for ovulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Scrotum function

Houses and supports the testes, maintaining optimal temperature for sperm production.

Scrotal septum

Divides the scrotum into right and left compartments, marked by a noticeable thickening.

Dartos muscle function

Smooth muscle in scrotum that elevates testes and reduces heat loss by wrinkling the skin.

Spermatic cord function

Connects testes to abdominopelvic cavity, carrying structures like vas deferens, blood vessels, and nerves.

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Tunica vaginalis

Outer serous membrane covering the testes, derived from peritoneum.

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Hydrocele

Fluid collection in tunica vaginalis.

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Tunica albuginea

Dense, white CT capsule beneath tunica vaginalis, containing lobules and seminiferous tubules for spermatogenesis.

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Seminiferous tubules

Structures within the testes where spermatogenesis occurs.

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Cryptochidism

Condition where one or both testes fail to descend into the scrotum.

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Accessory glands

Secrete fluids that nourish and transport sperm.

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Leydig Cells

Large interstitial endocrine cells that produce androgens, like testosterone and androstenedione.

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Sertoli Cells

Support and nurture developing sperm, preventing immune response and releasing sperm into the lumen.

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Spermatogenesis Stages

Spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids, and spermiation stages in developing sperm.

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Spermatogenesis

The process by which sperm cells are produced.

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Blood-Testis Barrier

A barrier formed by Sertoli cells, isolating developing sperm from the blood and preventing immune responses.

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Spermatids

Immature sperm cells that undergo spermiogenesis, transforming into mature sperm.

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Spermiation

The release of mature sperm into the lumen of the seminiferous tubule.

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Structure of Sperm

Sperm are specialized for delivering chromosomes to the egg.

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Sperm Head

Contains the nucleus with 23 chromosomes and the acrosome.

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Acrosome

A cap on the sperm head containing enzymes to penetrate the egg.

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Sperm Tail (Flagellum)

The whip-like structure that propels the sperm cell.

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Capacitation

Process where sperm become motile and able to fertilize.

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Spermatogonia

Stem cells that multiply by mitosis into spermatocytes.

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Spermatocytes

Cells undergoing meiosis to produce spermatids.

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Erection

Engorgement of the penis with blood due to increased parasympathetic stimulation involving nitric oxide.

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Ejaculation

Release of semen, caused by sympathetic nervous system activity.

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Impotence (ED)

Inability to achieve or maintain an erection, caused by various factors, including vascular problems and psychological issues.

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GnRH

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone, a hormone released by the hypothalamus that stimulates the pituitary gland.

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LH

Luteinizing hormone, a hormone produced by the pituitary that stimulates testosterone production in males.

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FSH

Follicle-stimulating hormone; a hormone produced by the pituitary that stimulates spermatogenesis (sperm production) in males.

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Testosterone

Principal male sex hormone, produced by Leydig cells, influencing male development, and characteristics.

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Female Reproductive Functions

Producing sex hormones, gametes, supporting embryo/fetus, and nourishing the newborn.

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Ovaries

Female gonads producing gametes (ova) and hormones.

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Uterus

Site of embryonic and fetal development and exchange between maternal and fetal blood.

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Vagina

Birth canal and passageway for menstrual fluids.

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Vulva

External female genitalia.

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Follicular Phase

The phase in the ovarian cycle where the follicle develops.

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Luteal Phase

The phase in the ovarian cycle where the corpus luteum develops.

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Primordial Follicle

Inactive primary oocyte surrounded by follicle cells.

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Secondary Follicle

Follicle with a fluid-filled space (antrum).

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Tertiary Follicle (Graafian)

Mature follicle containing a secondary oocyte.

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Ovulation

Release of secondary oocyte from the ovary.

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Corpus Luteum

Structure formed from remaining follicle cells after ovulation.

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Corpus Albicans

Scar tissue resulting from the degeneration of the corpus luteum.

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Uterine Tube

Tube connecting the ovary to the uterus.

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Endometrium

Inner lining of the uterus.

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Fimbriae

Finger-like projections at the end of uterine tube.

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Fertilization

Union of sperm and egg.

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Zygote

Fertilized egg.

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Oogenesis

The process of producing immature female gametes (oocytes).

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Ovarian follicles

Developing oocyte surrounded by follicular cells.

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Primary oocyte

Immature egg cell, arrested in meiosis I.

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Secondary oocyte

Haploid oocyte that begins meiosis II but pauses.

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Ovarian cycle

Follicle development and changes in ovaries.

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Oogonia

Female germ cells that multiply mitotically.

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Atresia

Degeneration of ovarian follicles.

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Meiosis I

First division of meiosis, producing haploid cells.

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Meiosis II

Second division of meiosis, completing egg maturation.

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Germinal epithelium

Outer layer of squamous or cuboidal cells covering the ovary.

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Mature follicle (Graafian follicle)

Fluid-filled follicle ready for ovulation.

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Epididymis

A coiled tube attached to the testis where sperm mature and are stored.

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What does the epididymis do?

The epididymis provides a location for sperm to mature, gain motility, and be stored.

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What causes sperm to become motile?

Sperm become motile when mixed with secretions from the seminal glands.

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Where does capacitation occur?

Capacitation happens when sperm are exposed to the female reproductive tract.

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What happens during spermiogenesis?

During spermiogenesis, spermatids undergo a transformation to become mature sperm cells. This includes changes in shape, the formation of an acrosome (cap), and a flagellum (tail).

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What is the function of the penis?

The penis delivers semen into the vagina during sexual intercourse.

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What is the root of the penis?

The fixed portion of the penis that attaches to the body wall inferior to the pubic symphysis. It consists of the bulb and crura.

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What is the bulb of the penis?

The expanded, posterior continuation of the corpus spongiosum.

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What are the crura of the penis?

Two separated, tapered portions of the corpora cavernosa.

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What is the body of the penis?

The tubular, movable portion of the penis.

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What is the glans penis?

The expanded distal end of the penis that surrounds the external urethral orifice. It's connected to the shaft by the neck.

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What are the 3 erectile tissues?

Corpora cavernosa (two cylindrical masses on the dorsal surface), corpus spongiosum (surrounds the penile urethra, forms glans), and a vascular network.

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How does erection happen?

When the penis is aroused, blood flow into the erectile tissues increases, causing them to become engorged.

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Ejaculatory Ducts

These ducts are formed by the union of the seminal vesicle ducts and the ductus deferens. They are responsible for ejecting spermatozoa into the prostatic urethra.

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Prostatic Urethra

The first part of the urethra, surrounded by the prostate gland. It receives sperm from the ejaculatory ducts and urine from the bladder.

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Membranous Urethra

The middle part of the urethra, it passes through the urogenital diaphragm, a muscular sheet that forms the floor of the pelvis.

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Spongy Urethra

The final and longest part of the urethra, it runs through the penis and ends at the external urethral orifice.

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Seminal Vesicles

These glands produce a thick, alkaline fluid that comprises around 60% of the semen volume. Their secretions contain fructose, prostaglandins, and other substances that nourish and support sperm.

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Prostate Gland

This gland surrounds the urethra and produces a milky, slightly acidic fluid that makes up 20-30% of semen volume. Its secretions include seminalplasmin, which helps to fight infections.

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What is the function of prostaglandins in seminal fluid?

Prostaglandins, found in the secretions of the seminal vesicles, contribute to sperm motility and viability. They also play a role in stimulating muscular contractions within the female reproductive tract, helping to propel sperm towards the egg.

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What is the significance of the alkaline pH of seminal fluid ?

The alkaline pH of semen, primarily due to the secretions from the seminal vesicles, neutralizes the acidic environment of the female reproductive tract. This is important for sperm survival and motility.

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Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

An enzyme naturally produced in the prostate gland. It liquefies semen, and increased levels may indicate prostate problems.

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Semen Coagulation

Semen thickens or gels within 5 minutes after ejaculation, aiding its passage through the acidic vagina.

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Semen Re-liquefaction

After 10-20 minutes, semen liquefies again due to enzymes from the prostate gland.

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Bulbo-urethral Glands

Also known as Cowper's glands, these small glands are located at the base of the penis and secrete alkaline mucus.

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Penis Function #1

The penis conducts urine from the bladder to the exterior of the body.

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Penis Function #2

The penis serves as the organ for sexual intercourse, delivering sperm to the female reproductive system.

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Semen Composition

Semen consists of sperm cells and seminal fluid produced by accessory glands.

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Normal Sperm Count

A normal sperm count is between 50 and 150 million sperm cells per milliliter of semen.

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Cortex (of ovary)

The outer layer of the ovary containing ovarian follicles and dense irregular connective tissue.

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Medulla (of ovary)

The inner layer of the ovary, composed of loose connective tissue with blood vessels.

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Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the development of ovarian follicles.

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Inhibin

A hormone produced by the corpus luteum that inhibits the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).

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Study Notes

Ovarian Cycle

  • Nurse cells support oocyte development.
  • Secondary oocyte is released during ovulation.
  • Corpus develops following ovulation, initially as a corpus hemorrhagicum, then transforms into the corpus luteum.
  • Corpus luteum secretes estrogens and progesterone.
  • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are involved in oogenesis.
  • Negative feedback mechanisms regulate hormone levels.
  • Inhibits contractions and dilates.

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Reproductive System Notebook PDF

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Test your knowledge on the ovarian cycle with this quiz. Explore the roles of nurse cells, hormone regulation, and the development of oocytes. Understand the processes of ovulation and the functions of the corpus luteum.

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