Outcomes of Acute Inflammation
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Questions and Answers

What roles do C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid A (SAA) play in the immune response?

CRP and SAA act as opsonins by binding to microbial cell walls, facilitating phagocytosis, and fixing complement.

How does elevated fibrinogen affect erythrocyte behavior in inflammatory conditions?

Elevated fibrinogen leads to increased erythrocyte aggregation, which raises the erythrocyte sedimentation rate.

Describe the leukocyte response in bacterial infections compared to viral infections.

Bacterial infections typically cause neutrophilia (increased neutrophils), while viral infections lead to lymphocytosis (increased lymphocytes).

What are some central nervous system symptoms associated with the acute phase response?

<p>Symptoms include increased pulse and blood pressure, chills, anorexia, somnolence, and malaise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during sepsis in terms of cytokine production and resulting clinical manifestations?

<p>In sepsis, high levels of cytokines like TNF and IL-1 can lead to disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), metabolic disturbances, and cardiovascular failure known as septic shock.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of cells primarily form the nodules in granulomatous inflammation?

<p>Epithelioid macrophages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which infectious disease is characteristically associated with immune granulomas, specifically forming a tubercle?

<p>Tuberculosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one inorganic cause of granulomatous inflammation.

<p>Silicosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do activated T cells influence the formation of immune granulomas?

<p>They produce IFN-γ, which causes macrophages to transform into epithelioid cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What systemic change is characterized by the elevation of temperature in response to pyrogens?

<p>Fever.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do acute-phase proteins play in the acute phase response?

<p>They are plasma proteins that significantly increase in synthesis in response to inflammatory stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a foreign body granuloma, and what typically incites it?

<p>A granuloma incited by particles that cannot be easily phagocytosed, such as suture or talc.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of IL-1 and TNF in fever generation during the acute phase response?

<p>They stimulate the production of prostaglandins in the hypothalamus, resetting the temperature set point.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to older granulomas over time?

<p>They may become surrounded by a rim of fibrosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify one systemic response that may occur in severe inflammation.

<p>Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What leads to the transition from acute to chronic inflammation?

<p>The transition occurs due to the persistence of the injurious agent or interference with the normal healing process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the nature of chronic inflammation in terms of its duration and processes involved.

<p>Chronic inflammation is prolonged, lasting weeks to months, involving simultaneous active inflammation, tissue destruction, and healing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List two contexts in which chronic inflammation can occur.

<p>Chronic inflammation can occur after acute inflammation or due to persistence of an inciting stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of diseases that can lead to chronic inflammation?

<p>Persistent infections, hypersensitivity diseases, prolonged exposure to toxins, and certain non-inflammatory diseases can cause chronic inflammation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main morphological features of chronic inflammation?

<p>Key features include infiltration with mononuclear inflammatory cells, tissue destruction, and attempts at healing through angiogenesis and fibrosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Distinguish between chronic non-specific inflammation and granulomatous inflammation.

<p>Chronic non-specific inflammation is a broad category while granulomatous inflammation is characterized by focal accumulations of activated macrophages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the presence of intracellular microbes contribute to chronic inflammation?

<p>Persistent intracellular microbes can evoke immunologic responses, maintaining inflammation over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of macrophages in granulomatous inflammation?

<p>Macrophages become activated and enlarge, forming epithelioid macrophages that aggregate into granulomas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the potential impact of prolonged exposure to lipids on chronic inflammation.

<p>Prolonged lipid exposure can lead to atherosclerosis, which is a form of chronic inflammation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify one disease conventionally not considered inflammatory that may be driven by inflammation.

<p>Metabolic syndrome is an example of a disease not conventionally classified as inflammatory that can be influenced by chronic inflammation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four main factors affecting the outcome of acute inflammation?

<p>The nature of injury, intensity of injury, tissue involved, and host responsiveness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the outcome of complete resolution in the context of acute inflammation.

<p>Complete resolution involves the restoration of the site to normal, with removal of debris by macrophages and resorption of edema by lymphatics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What indicates that healing has progressed to fibrosis in acute inflammation?

<p>Fibrosis occurs when there is substantial tissue destruction or when the injured tissue cannot regenerate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the presence of abundant fibrin exudation influence the resolution of inflammation?

<p>Abundant fibrin exudation can lead to organization, where connective tissue grows into the area of damage, forming fibrous tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do macrophages play in the complete resolution of acute inflammation?

<p>Macrophages are responsible for removing cellular debris and microbes from the inflamed site.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of a situation leading to healing by connective tissue replacement.

<p>An example is severe burns that involve a large area of the body, which result in substantial tissue destruction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term 'organization' in the context of acute inflammation?

<p>Organization refers to the process where inflammatory exudates are resolved by the formation of fibrous tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the typical outcomes of acute inflammation when the injury is limited and tissue destruction is minimal?

<p>The typical outcome is complete resolution, where the tissue is restored to its normal state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Outcomes of Acute Inflammation

  • Acute inflammation outcomes are categorized into complete resolution, healing by connective tissue, and progression to chronic inflammation.
  • Complete resolution occurs when injury is limited, tissue destruction is minimal, and damaged cells can regenerate. Removal of cellular debris and edema fluid by macrophages and lymphatics restores the area to normal.
  • Healing by fibrosis occurs when substantial tissue destruction occurs. The body replaces the damaged tissue with connective tissue. Examples include suppurative inflammation and burns.
  • Progression to chronic inflammation occurs when acute inflammation cannot be resolved due to persistent injury or interference with healing, chronic inflammation involves simultaneous inflammation, tissue destruction, and healing for extended periods.

Factors Affecting Acute Inflammation Outcomes

  • Nature of injury: The type of injury influences the outcome.
  • Intensity of injury: Severity of injury affects how much tissue is damaged.
  • Tissue involved: Different tissues regenerate or heal at different rates.
  • Host responsiveness: The body's ability to fight off infection and repair damage affects the outcome.

Outcomes of Chronic Inflammation

  • Chronic inflammation is characterized by prolonged inflammation (weeks or months) in which inflammation, tissue destruction, and healing occur concurrently.
  • It can be triggered by persistent infection, hypersensitivity diseases, prolonged exposure to toxins, or diseases not considered inflammatory.
  • Results in infiltration with inflammatory cells (macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells), tissue destruction, and attempts at healing through connective tissue replacement.

Granulomatous Inflammation

  • A distinctive form of chronic inflammation characterized by focal accumulations of activated macrophages called granulomas.
  • Enlarged, flattened macrophages are often found in the center of granulomas.
  • Granulomas often form to contain persistent injurious agents.
  • May be caused by infectious agents (tuberculosis, leprosy), inflammatory conditions, or foreign materials.
  • Examples include granulomas related to tuberculosis or foreign bodies.

Systemic Effects of Inflammation

  • Systemic changes, collectively called acute-phase response or SIRS, are a body-wide reaction to inflammation.
  • Fever, elevated acute-phase proteins (like CRP and SAA), increased white blood cell count.
  • Other effects include decreased sweating, rigors and chills, anorexia, and malaise.
  • Severe cases can involve DIC, metabolic disturbances, and cardiovascular collapse (septic shock).

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Description

This quiz explores the various outcomes of acute inflammation, including complete resolution, healing by connective tissue, and progression to chronic inflammation. It also examines the factors affecting these outcomes, such as the nature and intensity of the injury. Test your knowledge on this critical aspect of pathology.

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