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Questions and Answers
What is the primary effect of vasodilation during inflammation?
What is the primary effect of vasodilation during inflammation?
Which chemical mediators are involved in increasing vasopermeability during inflammation?
Which chemical mediators are involved in increasing vasopermeability during inflammation?
What is the function of neutrophils during the cellular events of inflammation?
What is the function of neutrophils during the cellular events of inflammation?
What occurs immediately after the activation of vasodilation during inflammation?
What occurs immediately after the activation of vasodilation during inflammation?
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What happens to capillaries during the vascular events of inflammation?
What happens to capillaries during the vascular events of inflammation?
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What is the primary injury associated with acute trauma?
What is the primary injury associated with acute trauma?
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What is the role of inflammation in tissue healing?
What is the role of inflammation in tissue healing?
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Which of the following is NOT a cardinal sign of inflammation?
Which of the following is NOT a cardinal sign of inflammation?
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What is the duration of the hemostasis phase?
What is the duration of the hemostasis phase?
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Which tissue characteristic affects the onset and resolution of inflammation?
Which tissue characteristic affects the onset and resolution of inflammation?
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Secondary injury occurs due to:
Secondary injury occurs due to:
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What initiates the immediate response of hemostasis?
What initiates the immediate response of hemostasis?
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What does the suffix “-itis” signify in medical terms?
What does the suffix “-itis” signify in medical terms?
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Which process characterizes the general features of tissue healing?
Which process characterizes the general features of tissue healing?
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Which type of inflammation is characterized by a slower onset and resolution?
Which type of inflammation is characterized by a slower onset and resolution?
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What is the primary role of fibroblasts during the proliferation phase of healing?
What is the primary role of fibroblasts during the proliferation phase of healing?
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What process describes the formation of new blood vessels during tissue repair?
What process describes the formation of new blood vessels during tissue repair?
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Which type of collagen is initially produced during the healing process?
Which type of collagen is initially produced during the healing process?
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What factor is NOT known to affect the healing process?
What factor is NOT known to affect the healing process?
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What can excessive movement or mechanical stress during the healing process lead to?
What can excessive movement or mechanical stress during the healing process lead to?
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During the remodeling phase, how does collagen change over time?
During the remodeling phase, how does collagen change over time?
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What chemical is released as a byproduct of phagocytosis that stimulates proliferation?
What chemical is released as a byproduct of phagocytosis that stimulates proliferation?
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Which of the following best describes chronic inflammation?
Which of the following best describes chronic inflammation?
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What is the likely outcome if inappropriate therapy is applied during the healing process?
What is the likely outcome if inappropriate therapy is applied during the healing process?
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What role do chemical mediators from macrophages play in the healing process?
What role do chemical mediators from macrophages play in the healing process?
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Study Notes
Phases of Tissue Healing
- Tissue healing involves four phases: bleeding, inflammation, proliferation, and remodelling.
- Bleeding is a short-lived phase (4-6 hours), followed by vasoconstriction and clot formation.
- The duration of bleeding depends upon the vascularity of the injured tissue.
- Inflammation is the body's normal reaction to tissue damage.
- Inflammation prepares the body for repair and removes damaged tissues.
- Cardinal signs of inflammation include heat, redness, swelling, pain, and loss of function.
- The onset and resolution of inflammation happen faster in areas with good blood supply.
- Chemical mediators (e.g., IGF, prostaglandins) play a role in inflammation.
- Vascular events in inflammation include vasodilation (increased blood flow) and increased vasopermeability.
- Cellular events in inflammation involve the emigration of phagocytes (e.g., neutrophils) to remove debris.
Chronic Inflammation
- Chronic inflammation is a prolonged acute inflammatory reaction that develops slowly, often without an initial acute phase, and can be caused by local irritants, poor blood supply.
- Some micro-organisms or immune disturbances can also trigger chronic inflammation.
Proliferation
- Also known as the regeneration phase, this stage focuses on tissue repair.
- It occurs from 48 hours to 3-6 weeks after injury.
- Two key processes are involved: formation of fibroblasts (fibroplasia) and angiogenesis.
Fibroblast Formation
- Fibroblasts manufacture and maintain connective tissue (collagen).
- During proliferation, these cells migrate to damaged areas.
- They produce new collagen to replace dead tissue initially type III collagen is produced but is later replaced with the stronger type I collagen as the tissue matures.
Angiogenesis
- New capillaries grow in the injured area to deliver oxygen and nutrients for cell metabolism and repair.
Remodelling
- The final phase of tissue healing, remodeling involves refinements in collagen and extracellular matrix structure.
- The initial collagen is weak and randomly oriented but becomes stronger and more aligned with tissue stressors over time, often over several months.
- This period can last up to 12 months.
- Type III collagen is often replaced or remodeled into type I collagen.
Factors Affecting Healing
- Age
- Smoking
- Prolonged steroid use
- NSAIDs
- Temperature (lower temperatures slow down healing)
- Poor blood supply (ischemia)
- Excessive movement or mechanical stress
Injury Management and Healing
- Treatment should focus on stimulating healing rather than trying to change the healing process.
- Inappropriate therapy (at any phase) can hinder tissue repair.
- Treatment success is not guaranteed, as the healing process relies on multiple cellular and tissue events.
- Treatments should be evidence-based and selective at each stage of the healing process.
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Description
Explore the intricate process of tissue healing through its four essential phases: bleeding, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. Learn how the body reacts to injury and the key mechanisms involved in each stage. Delve into the signs and mediators of inflammation that facilitate recovery.
