Phases of Tissue Healing
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary effect of vasodilation during inflammation?

  • Increased formation of blood clots
  • Increased flow of platelets and white blood cells (correct)
  • Decreased blood flow to the affected area
  • Reduced permeability of blood vessels

Which chemical mediators are involved in increasing vasopermeability during inflammation?

  • Prostaglandins and leukotrienes
  • Epinephrine and cortisol
  • Adrenaline and dopamine
  • Histamine and serotonin (correct)

What is the function of neutrophils during the cellular events of inflammation?

  • To decrease blood flow to damaged tissues
  • To produce more blood clots
  • To initiate vasoconstriction
  • To protect against infection by removing bacteria (correct)

What occurs immediately after the activation of vasodilation during inflammation?

<p>A brief period of vasoconstriction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to capillaries during the vascular events of inflammation?

<p>Dormant capillaries become active and enlarge (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary injury associated with acute trauma?

<p>Initial tissue damage caused by trauma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of inflammation in tissue healing?

<p>Removes damaged tissues and prepares for repair (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a cardinal sign of inflammation?

<p>Necrosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the duration of the hemostasis phase?

<p>4-6 hours (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tissue characteristic affects the onset and resolution of inflammation?

<p>Degree of vascularization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Secondary injury occurs due to:

<p>Hypoxic cell death from poor management (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the immediate response of hemostasis?

<p>Vasoconstriction of local vessels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the suffix “-itis” signify in medical terms?

<p>Inflammation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process characterizes the general features of tissue healing?

<p>Regeneration and repair of tissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of inflammation is characterized by a slower onset and resolution?

<p>Chronic inflammation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of fibroblasts during the proliferation phase of healing?

<p>To produce collagen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process describes the formation of new blood vessels during tissue repair?

<p>Angiogenesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of collagen is initially produced during the healing process?

<p>Type III collagen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor is NOT known to affect the healing process?

<p>Color of the injury (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can excessive movement or mechanical stress during the healing process lead to?

<p>Poor tissue repair (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the remodeling phase, how does collagen change over time?

<p>It increases in tensile strength and orientation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What chemical is released as a byproduct of phagocytosis that stimulates proliferation?

<p>Lactic acid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes chronic inflammation?

<p>Can develop slowly without an acute phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely outcome if inappropriate therapy is applied during the healing process?

<p>Inhibition of healing events (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do chemical mediators from macrophages play in the healing process?

<p>They promote fibroblast migration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Inflammation

A rapid response to acute injury, peaking within 1-3 days, involving numerous chemical mediators and two interconnected components: vascular and cellular events.

Vascular events in inflammation

The initial stages of inflammation focusing on blood vessel changes, including vasodilation and increased vascular permeability.

Vasodilation

Widening of blood vessels, increasing blood flow to the injured area.

Increased vascular permeability

Increased leakage of fluids and proteins from blood vessels into surrounding tissues.

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Cellular events in inflammation

Involve emigration of phagocytes (WBCs) to fight infection and remove debris, helping to protect and clean up the damaged area.

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Tissue Healing

The body's process of replacing damaged tissue with healthy tissue.

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Inflammation

The body's normal response to tissue damage, crucial for repair.

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Cardinal Signs of Inflammation

The observable characteristics of inflammation– redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function

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Primary Injury

Initial tissue damage caused by an event.

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Secondary Injury

Damage resulting from subsequent management/actions after initial injury.

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Bleeding (Hemostasis)

The process of stopping bleeding; the first stage of tissue healing.

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Acute Inflammation

A fast-acting, short-lived response to tissue damage.

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Chronic Inflammation

A long-term response to tissue damage with lasting effects.

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Regeneration

The replacement of damaged tissue with identical tissue.

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Repair

The process of replacing damaged tissue with scar tissue.

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Chronic Inflammation

Inflammation that develops slowly over time, without an initial acute phase, or follows a prolonged acute inflammatory reaction. It may be caused by local irritants, poor blood circulation, some microorganisms, or immune disturbances.

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Proliferation

The rapid increase in the number of cells, specifically involved in tissue restoration and repair. Lasting from 48 hours to 3-6 weeks, it includes the formation of fibroblasts and angiogenesis.

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Fibroblast Formation

Fibroblasts are cells that create and maintain connective tissue, crucial for repair. They migrate to the injured area, produce collagen to replace damaged tissue, initially type III, then Type I.

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Angiogenesis

The formation of new blood vessels in an injured area to deliver oxygen and nutrients, manage metabolic/waste. Crucial for cell survival during healing.

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Remodelling

The refinement of collagen and the extracellular matrix in tissue repair. This involves changes in collagen strength and orientation to match tissue/stress. Takes up to 12 months post-injury.

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Factors Affecting Healing

Factors like age, smoking, steroids, NSAIDs, lower temperature, poor blood supply (ischaemia), and excessive movement impacting healing.

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Injury Management

Treatment and exercise protocols that aim to stimulate healing, not change fundamental healing processes.

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Dead/Dying Cells Removal

The process of removing dead or dying cells, fibrin mesh, and other debris to clear the injury site and allow healing to proceed.

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Collagen

A protein that makes up connective tissue, crucial for strength and structure in the body.

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Lactic Acid

A chemical by-product of phagocytosis, which is a stimulant of proliferation.

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Study Notes

Phases of Tissue Healing

  • Tissue healing involves four phases: bleeding, inflammation, proliferation, and remodelling.
  • Bleeding is a short-lived phase (4-6 hours), followed by vasoconstriction and clot formation.
  • The duration of bleeding depends upon the vascularity of the injured tissue.
  • Inflammation is the body's normal reaction to tissue damage.
  • Inflammation prepares the body for repair and removes damaged tissues.
  • Cardinal signs of inflammation include heat, redness, swelling, pain, and loss of function.
  • The onset and resolution of inflammation happen faster in areas with good blood supply.
  • Chemical mediators (e.g., IGF, prostaglandins) play a role in inflammation.
  • Vascular events in inflammation include vasodilation (increased blood flow) and increased vasopermeability.
  • Cellular events in inflammation involve the emigration of phagocytes (e.g., neutrophils) to remove debris.

Chronic Inflammation

  • Chronic inflammation is a prolonged acute inflammatory reaction that develops slowly, often without an initial acute phase, and can be caused by local irritants, poor blood supply.
  • Some micro-organisms or immune disturbances can also trigger chronic inflammation.

Proliferation

  • Also known as the regeneration phase, this stage focuses on tissue repair.
  • It occurs from 48 hours to 3-6 weeks after injury.
  • Two key processes are involved: formation of fibroblasts (fibroplasia) and angiogenesis.

Fibroblast Formation

  • Fibroblasts manufacture and maintain connective tissue (collagen).
  • During proliferation, these cells migrate to damaged areas.
  • They produce new collagen to replace dead tissue initially type III collagen is produced but is later replaced with the stronger type I collagen as the tissue matures.

Angiogenesis

  • New capillaries grow in the injured area to deliver oxygen and nutrients for cell metabolism and repair.

Remodelling

  • The final phase of tissue healing, remodeling involves refinements in collagen and extracellular matrix structure.
  • The initial collagen is weak and randomly oriented but becomes stronger and more aligned with tissue stressors over time, often over several months.
  • This period can last up to 12 months.
  • Type III collagen is often replaced or remodeled into type I collagen.

Factors Affecting Healing

  • Age
  • Smoking
  • Prolonged steroid use
  • NSAIDs
  • Temperature (lower temperatures slow down healing)
  • Poor blood supply (ischemia)
  • Excessive movement or mechanical stress

Injury Management and Healing

  • Treatment should focus on stimulating healing rather than trying to change the healing process.
  • Inappropriate therapy (at any phase) can hinder tissue repair.
  • Treatment success is not guaranteed, as the healing process relies on multiple cellular and tissue events.
  • Treatments should be evidence-based and selective at each stage of the healing process.

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Phases of Tissue Healing PDF

Description

Explore the intricate process of tissue healing through its four essential phases: bleeding, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. Learn how the body reacts to injury and the key mechanisms involved in each stage. Delve into the signs and mediators of inflammation that facilitate recovery.

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