BDS 2 mcq 2
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Questions and Answers

What are the 3 systemic factors that influence healing of the pulp?

  • Vitamin intake, Sleep quality, Smoking habits
  • Allergies, Exercise, Genetic predisposition
  • Age, Nutrition, Pre-existing medical conditions (correct)
  • Hydration level, Sun exposure, Educational background

    • How can neutrophils be identified in histology?

  • Star-shaped appearance
  • Large rounded nuclei
  • Long cytoplasmic tails
  • Multi-lobed nuclei (correct)

    • What is a feature that distinguishes reversible pulpitis from irreversible pulpitis?

  • Formation of abscess
  • Pain subsides with removal of stimulus (correct)
  • Extreme sensitivity to pressure
  • Presence of fibrosis

    • What is a characteristic of open pulpitis?

    <p>Survival of pulp despite large exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor significantly influences the progress of pulpitis and determines its duration?

    <p>Pre-existing state of pulp</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential outcome of acute inflammation?

    <p>Permanent tissue damage leading to organ failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT involved in chronic inflammation?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of an increase in pulpal pressure?

    <p>Oedema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential route of microbial access to the pulp chamber?

    <p>Periodontal disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct classification for a pulpitis that is localized, chronic, and infected?

    <p>Chronic, closed, subtotal, infected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a feature of neoplasia?

    <p>Coordinated growth with normal tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary distinction between benign and malignant tumours?

    <p>Benign tumours remain localized, malignant tumours can invade and metastasize</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cell types can give rise to tumours?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a change in cell growth patterns?

    <p>Necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of metaplasia?

    <p>A change from one normal differentiated cell type to another within a tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential issue with cancer screening that involves detecting cancer in people who have no signs or symptoms?

    <p>Over diagnosis of benign conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major factor affecting the prognosis of a tumor related to the appearance of cells?

    <p>Mitotic index and degree of mitotic atypia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of cancer screening, what can lead to unnecessary treatment for conditions that are not harmful or require intervention?

    <p>False positives from screening tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do well-differentiated tumors differ from poorly-differentiated tumors in terms of identifying the tissue of origin?

    <p>Well-differentiated tumors make it easier to identify tissue origins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key objective observation used in determining the prognosis of a tumor, especially related to its invasive potential?

    <p>Depth and extent of invasion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an example of metaplasia?

    <p>Dysplasia in cervical screening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between benign and malignant tumours?

    <p>Benign tumours do not metastasize, while malignant tumours can undergo regional and distant metastasis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tumours is associated with the lymphoid system?

    <p>Lymphoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following viruses is associated with the development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and Burkitt's lymphoma?

    <p>Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of squamous epithelium in the oral mucosa?

    <p>To form the lining of the oral mucosa and act as a barrier by laying down keratin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which HIV initially infects epithelial cells in the first stage of infection?

    <p>gp120 on HIV binds to Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans (HSPG) on epithelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does HIV enter the submucosal epithelium during the second stage of infection?

    <p>gp120 on HIV binds to DC-SIGN receptors on dendritic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which HIV enters lymph nodes during the third stage of infection?

    <p>gp120 on HIV binds to CD4 on T helper cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the 7 key stages that occur after HIV binds to a T cell?

    <p>Viral cDNA enters nucleus and integrates into host DNA forming a provirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 4 key observations that characterize the acute stage of HIV infection?

    <p>Viremia peaks and declines, CD4+ T cells decline then recover, mucosal CD4+ cells decline then poorly recover, immune activation increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 3 key observations that characterize the chronic stage of HIV infection?

    <p>Viremia stays at a steady rate, CD4+ T cells gradually decline, immune activation remains high</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs after these 5-15 years of HIV infection and what 3 things occur?

    <p>Viremia increases, CD4+ T cells sharply decline leading to opportunistic infections, immune activation is at its highest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of HIV infection?

    <p>Elevated liver enzyme levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason that people with HIV infection become susceptible to opportunistic infections?

    <p>Viremia increases, leading to a sharp decline in CD4+ T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which HIV is brought into the lymph node in the 3rd stage of infection?

    <p>HIV attaches to Th cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In HIV infection, what occurs during the 5-15 years stage of infection known as chronic infection?

    <p>Viremia stays at a steady rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Tat and Rev proteins in HIV infection?

    <p>Amplifying transcription of viral RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During acute HIV infection, what happens to mucosal CD4+ cells?

    <p>They poorly recover after viremia peak</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of HIV binding to T cells and entering their nucleus?

    <p>Viral cDNA enters the nucleus and Formation of a provirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does chronic HIV infection lead to a gradual decline in CD4+ T cells?

    <p>Due to high levels of viremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the fusion of viral envelope with the cell membrane in HIV infection?

    <p>Allows viral genome to enter the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of reverse transcriptase in HIV infection?

    <p>Copies viral RNA genome into double stranded cDNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do we see an increase in parasite, bacterial, fungal, and viral infections in HIV patients?

    <p>Due to decreased amount of Th cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do late proteins translate and assemble in HIV infection?

    <p>By budding from the cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which HIV enters the submucosal epithelium during the second stage of infection?

    <p>HIV is brought into the submucosal epithelium via attachment to Langerhans cells (dendritic cells)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 4 key observations that characterize the acute stage of HIV infection?

    <p>Viremia peaks and declines, CD4+ T cells decline and recover to a slightly lower level, mucosal CD4+ cells decline and recover, and immune activation increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason that people with HIV infection become susceptible to opportunistic infections?

    <p>Weakened immune system due to the gradual decline in CD4+ T cell numbers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to mucosal CD4+ cells during acute HIV infection?

    <p>Mucosal CD4+ cells decline with the peak in viremia and poorly recover as viremia declines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 3 key observations that characterize the chronic stage of HIV infection?

    <p>Viremia stays at a steady rate, CD4+ T cells gradually decline, and immune activation remains high</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of embolism?

    <p>Clubbing of fingers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do immune complexes arise in endocarditis?

    <p>Excessive complement activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be indicated by Roth spots in a patient with endocarditis?

    <p>Eye abnormalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood test is conducted and commonly shows a raised WBC count in endocarditis patients?

    <p>Full blood count (FBC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of echocardiogram in diagnosing endocarditis?

    <p>Visualization of vegetations or abscesses on heart valves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is blood culture assessment important in choosing bactericidal antibiotics for endocarditis?

    <p>To guide future antibiotic therapies based on the identified organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of a new murmur development in assessing heart disease?

    <p>Indicates a possible progression to heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important condition for considering surgical treatment for endocarditis?

    <p>Failure to culture an organism despite persistent infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can an electrocardiogram indicate in a patient with endocarditis?

    <p>Organic heart disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What investigation should be carried out to diagnose endocarditis if splenomegaly is suspected?

    <p>Echocardiogram</p> Signup and view all the answers

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