Immune System and Mucous Membranes
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Questions and Answers

What is Mucus?

A slimy secretion produced by and covers membranes

What are Mucous membranes?

Soft, inner lining of organs and body cavities (nose, mouth, lungs)

What are Mucosal associated lymphoid tissues (MALT)?

Lymphoid tissue situated along mucous membranes that line digestive, respiratory, and urogenital tracts

What are interstitial macrophages?

<p>Cells found in the stroma of the lung. They are smaller and less phagocytic than alveolar macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are alveolar macrophages?

<p>Phagocytose small particles in alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors influence immunity?

<p>Exercise (A), Antibiotics (B), Microbiota (C), Genetics (D), Stress (E), Diet (F)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Dysbiosis?

<p>Chronic inflammation (IBS) immune system must tolerate good microbes and get rid of bad microbes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chronic inflammation is always bad.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are primary lymphoid organs?

<p>Where we generate immune cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are secondary lymphoid organs?

<p>Where immune cells function</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do immune cells travel through the body?

<p>Lymphatic system and blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are myeloid cells?

<p>Innate cells, dendritic cells and macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the humoral response?

<p>Blood and plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cell-mediated response?

<p>T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What receptors do innate cells have?

<p>Microbial sensors such as TLR which act as pattern recognition receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes important functions of dendritic cells?

<p>Recognize pathogens (A), Destroy pathogens (B), Present antigens to T cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the immune system?

<p>Composed of widely distributed cells, tissues, and organs. It recognizes self, foreign substances and microbes. It cleans up old cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is immunity?

<p>General ability of host to resist a particular disease or infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the immune system capable of?

<p>Distinguish between self and altered self (A), Distinguish between self and foreign invaders (B), Distinguish between different foreign pathogens (C), Promote mutualistic microorganism interactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain Effector response and vaccinations

<p>Recognition of pathogen generally mediates an effector response to eliminate the invader. More rapid immune response upon re-exposure to immunological memory. Vaccination acts to develop a robust immune response prior to true encounter with antigen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe Protein antigen based vaccination

<p>Component of virus that our immune system is able to recognize which results in a clonal expansion of B cells and T cells. Doesn't have knowledge of all but can recognize a portion</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe inactivated virus vaccine

<p>Recognize all the pieces of the virus, clone army can recognize the most antigenic pieces</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe mRNA vaccine

<p>Allows our bodies to make the protein (antigenic) through mRNA translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are key components of the flu vaccine?

<p>Neuraminidase (NA) (A), Hemagglutinin (HA) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Thucydides and what was his significant contribution?

<p>In 430 BC he noted that those who recovered from the plague could nurse the sick without repeated infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Variolation?

<p>Turks and Chinese took dried crusts from smallpox pustules and inhaled or inserted them into cuts of the skin. This works as an attenuated virus because the person is already fighting off the virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Ed Jenner and what was his contribution?

<p>Inoculated an 8-year-old with cowpox (weaker) and then intentionally infected him with smallpox. The boy was immune</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Smallpox?

<p>Variola (spotted) major/minor. Eradicated. Unique to humans (reservoirs). Scarring for life</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Louis Pasteur and what were his contributions?

<p>Developed rabies and anthrax (sheep) vaccine. Identified Cholera.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Did Pasteur's treatment for rabies confer active or passive immunity to the rabies virus?

<p>Both (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Opportunistic infections are generally ______________ organisms?

<p>Ubiquitous (Candida + Herpes HSV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the "Super Fungus" scare of the 1980's?

<p>Many people began to die with opportunistic fungus infections due to a lack of immune system (CD4 cells) - people had AIDS caused by HIV.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an active vaccine?

<p>Anti-pathogen response generated by you.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who received the Nobel Prize for their work on the major histocompatibility complex?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who received the Nobel Prize for their work on the gene rearrangement in antibody production?

<p>Susumu Tonegawa</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who received the Nobel Prize for their work on the role of the histocompatibility complex in antigen recognition by T cells?

<p>Doherty and Zinkernagel</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who received the Nobel Prize for their work on discovering the activating principles of innate immunity?

<p>Hoffman and Beutler</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who received the Nobel Prize for their work on the role of dendritic cells in adaptive immunity?

<p>Steinman</p> Signup and view all the answers

What immune cells are lacking in individuals with HIV?

<p>CD4 immune cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is responsible for the immune action of serum?

<p>Gamma-globulin immunoglobulin (IgG) or antibodies were responsible</p> Signup and view all the answers

Prior to antibiotics, what was given to patients?

<p>Antisera (horse). Still use snake and scorpion anti-venom</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Metchnikoff and what was his contribution?

<p>Demonstrated that certain white blood cells phagocytized microorganisms and other foreign materials. At the time he proposed that it was not serum components but rather cells that mediated immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Chase and what was his contribution?

<p>In the 1940s he transferred immunity to TB between guinea pigs using WBC.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is passive immunity?

<p>Antisera or transferred white blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Intramuscular flu vaccine?

<p>Inactivated virus/protein antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is most commonly affected by Mumps?

<p>Children ages 2-12 who have not been vaccinated</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the incubation period of Mumps?

<p>Is 12-24 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the MMR immunization?

<p>Given to children 12-15 months or 4-6 years old and 11-12 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the Pasteur cholera vaccine

<p>Attenuated virus, active</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the Pasteur anthrax vaccine

<p>Attenuated virus, active</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the Pasteur rabies vaccine

<p>Active and passive</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Mucus and Membranes

  • Mucus is a slimy secretion covering membranes.
  • Mucous membranes line inner organs and body cavities (like nose, mouth, lungs).
  • Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT) are lymphoid tissues located along mucous membranes in the digestive, respiratory, and urogenital tracts.

Immune Cells and Function

  • Interstitial macrophages are smaller and less phagocytic than alveolar macrophages, found in lung stroma.
  • Alveolar macrophages phagocytose particles in alveoli.
  • Innate immune cells include myeloid cells (like dendritic cells and macrophages).
  • Adaptive immune cells include lymphoid cells (like B and T cells).
  • Immunity is influenced by genotype, diet, exercise, microbiota, stress, and antibiotics.
  • Dysbiosis is chronic inflammation where the immune system struggles to tolerate good microbes and eliminate bad ones.
  • Chronic inflammation is generally harmful.
  • Primary lymphoid organs are where immune cells are generated.
  • Secondary lymphoid organs are where immune cells function.
  • Immune cells travel through the lymphatic system and blood vessels.
  • Humoral response involves blood and plasma.
  • Cell-mediated response involves T cells.
  • Innate cells have microbial sensors (pattern recognition receptors like TLR) to recognize pathogens.
  • Dendritic cells recognize, destroy, and present pathogen parts to T cells.
  • The immune system recognizes self and foreign substances/microbes. It also cleans up old cells.

Immunity and Immunology

  • Immunity is the body's ability to resist disease.
  • Immunology is the science of immune responses.
  • The immune system distinguishes self from altered self, self from foreign invaders, and different foreign pathogens.

Immune Response and Vaccination

  • Effector responses eliminate pathogens. Vaccinations create immunological memory for faster responses to re-exposure.
  • Protein antigen-based vaccines use a portion of a virus for immune recognition, triggering B and T cell responses
  • Inactivated virus vaccines introduce the entire virus structure, allowing immune cells to recognize multiple antigenic parts for a broader response.
  • mRNA vaccines enable the body to make proteins (antigens) through mRNA translation.
  • Flu vaccines target HA (viral entry) and NA (viral exit).

History of Vaccination

  • Thucydides observed plague survivors' resistance.
  • Variolation involved exposing people to smallpox pustules.
  • Edward Jenner developed the first smallpox vaccine by using cowpox.
  • Smallpox was a highly contagious disease that left severe scarring and has now been eradicated.
  • Louis Pasteur developed vaccines for rabies and anthrax.
  • Pasteur's rabies vaccine conferred both active and passive immunity.

Immune System and Disease

  • Opportunistic infections are common in individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with AIDS.
  • Active immunity is generated by the body's response to a pathogen.
  • Passive immunity involves receiving antibodies from another source (e.g., breast milk).
  • Historically, antisera were used to treat patients before antibiotics.

Nobel Laureates and Discoveries

  • Scientists were awarded Nobel Prizes for major discoveries regarding the immune system, including MHC, antibody production, and innate immunity.

Specific Diseases: Mumps

  • Mumps is a viral infection causing salivary gland swelling, most common in unvaccinated children (2-12 years old).
  • Incubation period for mumps is 12-24 days. MMR vaccination is recommended for children during different age stages.

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Description

Explore the role of mucus and mucous membranes in the immune system. This quiz covers the types of immune cells, their functions, and how factors like diet and stress influence immune health. Test your knowledge on important concepts related to mucosal immunity and chronic inflammation.

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