Chronic Inflammation Learning Objectives

What are the 4 phases of inflammation?

Dilute Destroy Isolate Initiate

Differentiate between acute and chronic inflammation.

Acute inflammation involves an excess of blood in the vessels, while chronic inflammation is prolonged and leads to tissue destruction and fibrosis.

How are macrophages formed?

Macrophages are formed from monocytes that travel, arrive, change to macrophages, proliferate, and then are immobilized.

What activates macrophages?

Macrophages are activated by immune receptors (TLR) and cytokines (IFN-g) secreted by T-Helper cells and NK cells. Signup and view all the answers

Describe granulomatous inflammation.

Granulomatous inflammation is characterized by the predominant presence of macrophages. Signup and view all the answers

List some examples of chronic inflammatory diseases.

Some examples include rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and chronic bronchitis. Signup and view all the answers

What is a granuloma?

Nodular aggregation of Epithelioid macrophages surrounded by a cuff of Lymphocytes Contain Giant cells Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of granulomatous inflammation?

Immune granulomas and Foreign Body Granulomas Signup and view all the answers

What are the systemic effects of inflammation?

Fever, elevated acute-phase proteins, leukocytosis, increased pulse and BP, rigors, chills, malaise Signup and view all the answers

What are the favored sites of implantation for blood-borne organisms?

Heart valves, meninges, kidneys, and joints Signup and view all the answers

What are the manifestations of septic shock?

Systemic vasodilation, DIC (Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation) Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of Langhan's giant cells?

Epitheloid cells that fuse, have large mass of cytoplasm, and have 20 or more small nuclei Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between immune granulomas and foreign body granulomas.

Immune granulomas are caused by insoluble particles and contain epithelioid macrophages surrounded by lymphocytes, while foreign body granulomas involve epithelioid cells and giant cells surrounding a foreign body. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the characteristics of Langhans giant cells.

Langhans giant cells are epithelioid cells that fuse, have a large mass of cytoplasm, and contain 20 or more small nuclei arranged in the periphery or haphazardly. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the process of systemic vasodilation in septic shock.

Systemic vasodilation leads to tissue hypoperfusion and hemodynamic shock in septic shock. Signup and view all the answers

What are the systemic effects of inflammation and how do they manifest?

Systemic effects of inflammation include fever, elevated acute-phase proteins, leukocytosis, increased pulse and BP, rigors, chills, and malaise. Signup and view all the answers

List some examples of diseases associated with immune granulomas.

Tuberculosis (TB), leprosy, syphilis, sarcoidosis, Crohn's disease. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the role of tissue-resident macrophages in preventing overwhelming infection.

Tissue-resident macrophages act as the next line of defense after pathogens gain access to the vascular circulation, helping to prevent overwhelming infection. Signup and view all the answers

What are the key immune cells involved in chronic inflammation?

Macrophages Signup and view all the answers

Describe the process of granulomatous inflammation.

Predominant cell involved is macrophages, forming granulomas. These structures are a hallmark of chronic inflammation. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes acute inflammation from chronic inflammation?

Acute inflammation involves an excess of blood in vessels leading to tissue damage, while chronic inflammation is characterized by prolonged inflammation, tissue injury, and simultaneous healing processes. Signup and view all the answers

How do macrophages contribute to chronic inflammation?

Macrophages are activated by immune receptors and cytokines, signaling other leukocytes and promoting inflammation, tissue destruction, and fibrosis. Signup and view all the answers

What are the systemic effects of chronic inflammation?

Chronic inflammation can lead to systemic effects such as tissue destruction, fibrosis, and activation of immune responses throughout the body. Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the role of IL-10 in chronic inflammation.

IL-10 acts as an anti-inflammatory cytokine in chronic inflammation, helping to regulate the immune response and prevent excessive tissue damage. Signup and view all the answers