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Questions and Answers
Where does most growth in height of a young dog occur?
Where does most growth in height of a young dog occur?
Which statement about the distal sesamoid bone is incorrect?
Which statement about the distal sesamoid bone is incorrect?
In which animal is the acromion process absent?
In which animal is the acromion process absent?
Which type of bone tissue is found in areas that are prone to stress?
Which type of bone tissue is found in areas that are prone to stress?
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What does the term 'HAEMOPOIETIC' refer to?
What does the term 'HAEMOPOIETIC' refer to?
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Which bone or portion of bone in the thoracic limb is least stressed by the weight of the animal during the support phase of locomotion?
Which bone or portion of bone in the thoracic limb is least stressed by the weight of the animal during the support phase of locomotion?
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Which of the following is flexible connective tissue that is attached to bones at the joints?
Which of the following is flexible connective tissue that is attached to bones at the joints?
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What is the difference between compact bone and spongy bone?
What is the difference between compact bone and spongy bone?
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Which of the following statements about bone is incorrect?
Which of the following statements about bone is incorrect?
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Which of the following bones is NOT part of the axial skeleton?
Which of the following bones is NOT part of the axial skeleton?
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Study Notes
Osteology
- Bone Stress During Locomotion: The lateral humeral epicondyle experiences the least stress during the support phase of locomotion in the thoracic limb.
- Flexible Connective Tissue: Cartilage is the flexible connective tissue connecting bones at joints.
- Proximal and Distal Bone in the Limb: The femur is the large bone proximal to the patella and distal to the ischium.
- Compact vs. Spongy Bone: Compact and spongy bone differ in their arrangement of bone cells and the materials they are made of, not the size of their bone cells.
Regions of a Long Bone
- Diaphysis: Contains the thickest cortical bone and marrow cavity.
- Epiphysis: Located between physis and articular cartilage.
- Physis: The site of elongation.
- Metaphysis: Located in the middle of the diaphysis.
Long Bone Blood Supply
- Nutrient Foramen: Nutrient artery enters the bone through the nutrient foramen.
- Blood Vessels: Periosteal and epiphyseal blood vessels also supply the bone.
Bone Structures in the Horse's Foot
- Skeleton Components: Middle and distal phalanges are part of the skeleton, along with the interphalangeal joints and ligaments.
- Excluded Components: The navicular bone and tendons are not structural elements of the horse's foot skeleton.
Sesamoid Bone
- Structure: Soft bone tissue with holes surrounded by hard bone, typically located at the ends of long bones.
- Characteristics: Spongy bone makes up a majority of this type of bone in the long bones.
Skeletal Function
- Structure: The skeleton establishes the shape of the body.
- Support: The skeleton provides structural support for the animal's body, organs, and tissues.
- Protection: The skeleton protects vital organs and internal structures from injury.
Bone in Cats vs. Dogs
- Os Penis: The os penis is present in cats, not dogs.
- Clavicle: The clavicle(collarbone), is present in cats but not in dogs.
Bone Reabsorption Cells
- Osteoclasts: These cells are responsible for reabsorbing bone.
Axial Skeleton
- Excluded Bone: The pelvis is part of the axial skeleton, but the sternum, sacrum, ribs and atlas are not.
Growth in Young Dogs
- Distal Humerus and Femur: Growth in height occurs primarily in the distal portion of these bones, in the physis.
Patella Location
- Femorotibial Joint Space: The patella is positioned proximal to the femorotibial joint space.
- Tendons Attachments: The patella is positioned within the cranial tibial muscle tendon.
Distal Sesamoid Bone
- Location: Present between the middle and distal phalanges, on the palmar/plantar surface.
- Weight Bearing: This bone receives part of the animal's body weight when bearing weight
- Ligament: Connected to the distal phalanx through the distal sesamoidean impar ligament.
Axial Bones
- Skull, Vertebrae, Ribs, and Os Coxae: These are components of the axial skeleton
Body Plane
- Sagittal: This plane divides the body into right and left halves—it is not necessarily equal halves.
Epiphysis Definition
- Bulbous Ends: The epiphysis are the distal and proximal, bulbous ends of a long bone found outside the epiphyseal plate.
Aborted Long Bone
- Examples: No specific aborted long bones are provided.
Ulna Variations
- Animal Specific: Various animals (oxen, horses, dogs, fowl, and rabbits) have varying ulna structures.
Acromion Process
- Absence in Some Animals: The acromion process is not found in some animals such as camels.
Supracondyloid Foramen
- Location: The supracondyloid foramen is found in the humerus of some animals, like dogs.
Skeletal System Function: Not Correct
- Storage of Lymph: The skeletal system does not store lymph; it stores calcium, phosphates and forms red blood cells.
Bone Types (Stress)
- Compact Bone: Found in areas prone to stress (like the femur).
Cancellous Bone
- Location: Commonly found in the middle of long bones (not typically the ends).
Haempoietic Function
- Blood Cell Production: Bone marrow is responsible for producing blood cells.
Bone Marrow Changes
- Aging: As animals age, bone marrow can change from a red (actively producing cells) to yellow form.
Nutrient Supply to Bone
- Artery: The nutrient artery is the primary source of blood supply to the bone.
Flat Bones
- Function: Flatting reduces friction on tendons passing over joints, and they are also in the skull, ribs, and scapula.
Sesamoid Bones
- Shape: Small, cube-shaped bones.
- Function: Reduce tendon friction through alteration in angles. The patella is an example.
Scapula Surface
- Ventral Angle: The scapula does not have an articular surface located on its ventral angle.
Radius and Metacarpals
- Same Side: The radius is situated on the same side of the antebrachium as the second metacarpal.
Pectoral Girdles (Horse)
- Composition: The pectoral girdle of horses contains the coracoid, scapula, and humerus.
Femur Articulation
- Acetabulum: The head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum.
Process vs Depression in Bone
- Depression: A fossa is a depression in a bone.
Medullary Cavity Lining
- Endosteum: The medullary cavity of a long bone is lined by a thin layer of connective tissue called the endosteum.
Coracobrachialis Muscle Origin
- Coracoid Process: The coracobrachialis muscle originates from the coracoid process of the scapula.
Deltoid Muscle Insertion
- Deltoid Tuberosity: The deltoid muscle inserts into the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus.
Ulna and Lateral Styloid
- Carpal Bone: The radial carpal bone articulates with the lateral styloid process.
Sciatic Nerve
- Obturator Foramen: The sciatic nerve passes through the greater sciatic notch, not the obturator foramen.
Stress-Induced Bone Formation
- Sesamoid Bones: These bones form within tendons in response to stress.
Appendicular Skeleton
- Excluded Bone: Sacrum is not a part of the appendicular skeleton.
Skeletal System Relationship
- Function: The skeletal system is primarily associated with the muscular system for function.
Bone Shape Categories
- Excluded Category: There is no category called 'Short' bone out of the categories of bone shapes mentioned.
Red Bone Marrow Location
- Endosteum: Red bone marrow surrounds the openings/canal in a bone's endosteal surfaces.
Cranial Bone
- Excluded Bone: Maxilla is a cranial bone, so occipital, temporal, frontal and parietal are not excluded.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the structure and function of bones in osteology. This quiz covers topics such as bone stress during locomotion, types of bone tissue, regions of a long bone, and blood supply. Perfect for students studying anatomy or physiology.
