Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the dominant model of health in Western cultures and when was this proposed by Engel?
What is the dominant model of health in Western cultures and when was this proposed by Engel?
The dominant model of health in Western cultures is the biomedical model. Engel proposed the biopsychosocial model of health in 1977.
What are the two documents that were mentioned that aim to support those that commission and procure services to do so in a way that tackles health inequalities?
What are the two documents that were mentioned that aim to support those that commission and procure services to do so in a way that tackles health inequalities?
"Healthy Lives, Healthy People" and "Health Equity in England: The Marmot Review 10 Years On"
Which of the following is a factor included in the biomedical model of health?
Which of the following is a factor included in the biomedical model of health?
According to the 2017 World Health Organisation (WHO) definition, what are the primary determinants of health?
According to the 2017 World Health Organisation (WHO) definition, what are the primary determinants of health?
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The social gradient in life expectancy means that the more deprived the area is, the longer the life expectancy is.
The social gradient in life expectancy means that the more deprived the area is, the longer the life expectancy is.
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Which of the following is NOT a policy recommendation from the Marmot review aimed to address health inequalities?
Which of the following is NOT a policy recommendation from the Marmot review aimed to address health inequalities?
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Which organisation sets the Public Health Outcomes Framework?
Which organisation sets the Public Health Outcomes Framework?
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What is the purpose of the Wider Determinants of Health Tool?
What is the purpose of the Wider Determinants of Health Tool?
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What is the health outcomes framework based on?
What is the health outcomes framework based on?
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Access to community pharmacies is generally lower in areas with higher levels of deprivation.
Access to community pharmacies is generally lower in areas with higher levels of deprivation.
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The Marmot Review has been reviewed in 2020.
The Marmot Review has been reviewed in 2020.
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What is the role of Healthy Living Pharmacies?
What is the role of Healthy Living Pharmacies?
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Study Notes
OSPAP Programme: Determinants of Health
- The presentation is about determinants of health, specifically focusing on the concepts of biomedical and biopsychosocial models, Dahlgren and Whitehead's model, and social determinants of health
Biomedical Model of Health
- This model is dominant in Western cultures
- It assumes illness has a biomedical basis
- Health is seen independently of social, psychological, or behavioral influences
- Diagnosis and treatment are the main focuses
- Components include blood tests, physiological measurements, medications, and surgery
- The biopsychosocial model was proposed as an alternative by Engel in 1977
Dahlgren and Whitehead's Model
- This model, adapted from Wilson and Mabhala (2008), illustrates the interconnected factors impacting health
- It depicts general socioeconomic, cultural, and environmental conditions surrounding individuals.
- These factors include: Work environment/education; Agriculture/food production; Social and community networks; Individual lifestyle factors (age, sex, constitutional factors); Living and working conditions; Unemployment; Water and sanitation; Health care services; and housing.
Social Determinants of Health
- They affect health on multiple levels (national, community, and individual)
- They're made up of risk conditions, risk groups, risky behaviours, and risk factors
- Health inequalities are an important part of this
- Determinants are interconnected
- In 1991, the city of Toronto identified conditions that can be considered risk factors. These include: Poverty, Social marginalization, Poor housing; Unemployed; and Ethnic minority groups. Other risk conditions include: Lone parents, people with higher risk behaviours such as drug use, poor diet, and people with genetic factors such as hypertension.
Baggot (2004): Determinants of Health
- Proposes 6 key elements determining health: Health services, Biological factors, Genetic factors, Demographic factors, Environment, and Lifestyle
Lifestyle Factors
- This includes diet, smoking, alcohol use, drug abuse, and sexual lifestyle
Determinants of Health (WHO, 2017)
- The context of a person's life contributes to their health
- Determinants include social and economic environments, physical environments, and personal behaviours and characteristics
- Individuals don't fully control all determinants
- Social determinants account for 30-55% of health outcomes
Increasing Recognition of Health
- The WHO (1946) definition of health emphasizes complete physical, mental, and social well-being (not just the absence of disease)
- In the UK, the Marmot Review (2010) explored population health.
Fair Society, Healthy Lives
- Aim to understand health disparities across England (2020)
- Life expectancy in England has stagnated since 2010, and it follows a social gradient
- The more deprived an area, the shorter the life expectancy
- The Marmot Review offered six policy recommendations to address health inequalities
Six Policy Recommendations for Healthy Lives
- Support every child for a good start in life
- Promote opportunities for children, young people, and adults to reach their full potential
- Promote fair employment and good work practices
- Ensure a healthy standard of living for all
- Build on healthy communities
- Improve prevention of ill health
Wider Determinants of Health Tool (2017)
- A resource library to address health inequalities
- Wider determinants account for 40-50% of health outcomes variation
- Indicators are categorized into 7 domains: Natural and built environment; work and labor market; vulnerability; income; crime; and education.
Public Health Outcomes Framework
- Online resource: https://fingertips.phe.org.uk/profile/public-health-outcomes-framework
- Focuses on national data surveillance and four domains: Wider determinants of health improvement, Health improvement, health protection, and healthcare public health.
- It uses various data sources to provide national and local info on population health.
Local Action on Health Inequalities
- Public Health England assembled a collection of documents in 2018 to support organizations funding and procuring services to reduce health inequalities
- Information is available on the following areas: Policies, guidance for addressing disparities, community engagement, data insights, and economic factors impacting health.
Role of Pharmacy
- Access to community pharmacies is higher in deprived areas (Todd et al., 2014)
- Healthy Living Pharmacies are designed to address health inequalities (NHS Portsmouth, 2010)
- Pharmacy data collection can contribute to public health intelligence (RPS, 2014)
- Pharmacists support health literacy, particularly concerning medication management (Roberts, 2015)
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Description
This quiz covers the determinants of health, focusing on the biomedical and biopsychosocial models, as well as Dahlgren and Whitehead's model. It examines how various socioeconomic, cultural, and environmental factors influence health outcomes. Test your knowledge on these critical concepts in public health.
