Exam 3 - Renal
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Questions and Answers

Which condition is characterized by elevation of pCO2 as a result of ventilation depression or alveolar hyperventilation?

  • Respiratory alkalosis
  • Metabolic acidosis
  • Respiratory acidosis (correct)
  • Metabolic alkalosis

    • What is the common manifestation of respiratory acidosis?

  • Headache and restlessness
  • Weakness and muscle cramps (correct)
  • Fatigue and anorexia
  • Nausea and vomiting

    • Which condition is known for causing hypocapnia?

  • Respiratory acidosis
  • Metabolic alkalosis
  • Respiratory alkalosis (correct)
  • Metabolic acidosis

    • What situation can cause metabolic alkalosis?

    <p>Excessive bicarbonate intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common manifestation of metabolic alkalosis?

    <p>Muscle twitching and tremors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential risk factor for developing renal stones?

    <p>Geographic location</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of carcinoma arises from tubular epithelium in the renal cortex?

    <p>Renal cell carcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a classic clinical manifestation of renal cell carcinoma?

    <p>Gross painless hematuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main clinical manifestation indicating obstruction in the renal pelvis or proximal ureter?

    <p>Renal colic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism is responsible for adjusting the rate of reabsorption of Na and water in response to changes in GFR?

    <p>Tubuloglomerular feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a buffer in the body?

    <p>To bind excessive H+ or OH- without significant change in pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffering system?

    <p>Helps to keep the pH normal by adjusting bicarb and carbonic acid levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of pH regulation, how does the respiratory system compensate for acidemia?

    <p>By increasing ventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if both bicarb and carbonic acid decrease in the body?

    <p>The body goes into acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following indicates a systemic decrease in H+ concentration or an excess of base?

    <p>Base excess -2mEq/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the renal system compensate for alkalosis?

    <p>By secreting more H+ in urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a PaCO2 level of 50mmHg indicate?

    <p>Excessive partial pressure of CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the respiratory system respond to alkalosis?

    <p>By decreasing respiration rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most abundant ion in the extracellular fluid (ECF) responsible for osmotic balance of ECF?

    <p>Na+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of alteration involves no change in concentration but results in hypovolemia?

    <p>Isotonic volume depletion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is released when there is an increase in plasma osmolality, decrease in blood pressure, and a decrease in atrial pressure?

    <p>ANP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In hypokalemia, which hormone facilitates the movement of potassium (K+) into cells?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes hypertonic hyponatremia, leading to a shift of water from intracellular fluid (ICF) to extracellular fluid (ECF)?

    <p>Mannitol infusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition manifests as muscle weakness, hypotension, respiratory depression, and bradycardia?

    <p>Hypomagnesemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of BNP in the body?

    <p>Antagonizes the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is released in response to low serum calcium levels and increases plasma calcium via kidney reabsorption?

    <p>Parathyroid hormone (PTH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of hyperphosphatemia?

    <p>Renal failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can result from inadequate intake or absorption, decreased parathyroid hormone, and vitamin D levels?

    <p>Hypocalcemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a manifestation of hyperphosphatemia?

    <p>Calcification of soft tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of hypophosphatemia?

    <p>Diminished release of oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In hyperkalemia, what is a potential symptom associated with mild attacks?

    <p>Tingling of lips and fingers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a possible symptom of hypophosphatemia?

    <p>Leukocyte alterations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common manifestation of hyperphosphatemia?

    <p>Calcification of soft tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In hypophosphatemia, what is a typical symptom associated with neuromuscular irritability?

    <p>Muscle spasms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is commonly associated with hyperkalemia?

    <p>Muscle weakness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential manifestation of hypophosphatemia related to platelet impairment?

    <p>Skeletal muscle depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Peaked T waves' are often seen in severe cases of which electrolyte imbalance?

    <p>'Hyperkalemia'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a classic symptom of hyperkalemia?

    <p>Muscle weakness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential manifestation of hypophosphatemia?

    <p>Muscle weakness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common symptom of hyperphosphatemia?

    <p>Respiratory depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a frequent manifestation of hypophosphatemia?

    <p>Tachycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is commonly associated with hyperphosphatemia?

    <p>Tachycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a typical sign of hypophosphatemia?

    <p>Alkalosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which manifestation is often seen in hyperphosphatemia?

    <p>Muscle weakness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of hypophosphatemia?

    <p>Hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a typical sign of hyperphosphatemia?

    <p>Tachycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which manifestation is frequently found in hypophosphatemia?

    <p>Respiratory depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential sign of severe hyperkalemia?

    <p>Bradycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is associated with extreme hypophosphatemia?

    <p>Confusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common manifestation of severe hyperphosphatemia?

    <p>Tetany</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom may be seen in cases of profound hyperkalemia?

    <p>Paralysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential neurological manifestation of severe hypophosphatemia?

    <p>Hallucinations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In severe hyperphosphatemia, what cardiovascular symptom might be observed?

    <p>Atrial fibrillation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom can be indicative of severe hyperkalemia affecting respiratory muscles?

    <p>Respiratory arrest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient with profound hypophosphatemia may exhibit signs of:

    <p><strong>Muscular</strong> weakness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Respiratory Conditions

    • Respiratory Acidosis: Characterized by elevated pCO2 due to ventilation depression or alveolar hyperventilation.

    • Common Manifestation: Symptoms often include headache, confusion, and lethargy.

    • Hypocapnia Condition: Conditions such as anxiety or hyperventilation syndrome cause hypocapnia (low pCO2 levels).

    Metabolic Conditions

    • Metabolic Alkalosis: Can be caused by factors like excessive vomiting or diuretic use.
    • Common Manifestation: Symptoms include muscle twitching, cramps, and cardiac arrhythmias.

    Renal and Carcinoma Conditions

    • Renal Stones Risk Factor: A potential risk factor includes dehydration or high dietary oxalate intake.

    • Carcinoma Type: Renal cell carcinoma arises from tubular epithelium in the renal cortex.

    • Clinical Manifestation: Symptoms may include hematuria and flank pain.

    • Obstruction Indicator: Main clinical manifestation indicating obstruction in the renal pelvis or proximal ureter is hydronephrosis.

    Homeostasis Mechanisms

    • Na and Water Reabsorption: Adjustments in the rate of reabsorption are mediated by kidney mechanisms in response to changes in glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
    • Buffer Function: Buffers help maintain stable pH levels in the body.

    Acid-Base Regulation

    • Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate System: This system helps in regulating blood pH by balancing bicarbonate and carbonic acid levels.

    • Respiratory Compensation for Acidemia: The respiratory system compensates by increasing ventilation to blow off CO2, reducing acidity.

    • Bicarbonate and Carbonic Acid Decrease: If both decrease, it can lead to a more acidic environment (acidemia).

    • Indication of H+ Concentration: A systemic decrease in H+ concentration or an excess of base indicates alkalosis.

    • Renal Compensation for Alkalosis: The renal system adjusts bicarbonate reabsorption and hydrogen secretion.

    • PaCO2 Level: A level of 50 mmHg indicates respiratory acidosis.

    • Respiratory Response to Alkalosis: The body decreases ventilation to retain carbon dioxide.

    Electrolyte Imbalances

    • ECF Ion: Sodium is the most abundant ion in extracellular fluid, crucial for osmotic balance.

    • Volume Alteration: Hypovolemic alterations involve no change in concentration while decreasing blood volume.

    • Hormonal Response: Increased plasma osmolality and low blood pressure trigger the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

    Potassium and Calcium Dynamics

    • Hypokalemia Hormone: Insulin helps facilitate potassium movement into cells during hypokalemia.

    • Hypertonic Hyponatremia Cause: Conditions like hyperglycemia can cause hypertonic hyponatremia by drawing water from ICF to ECF.

    • Hypokalemia Symptoms: Muscle weakness, hypotension, and respiratory depression may occur.

    • BNP Role: B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) helps regulate blood pressure and volume.

    • Calcium Regulation: Parathyroid hormone increases plasma calcium by facilitating kidney reabsorption.

    Phosphate Dynamics

    • Primary Cause of Hyperphosphatemia: Often results from renal failure or excessive phosphate intake.

    • Hyperphosphatemia Manifestations: Can include itchy skin, muscle cramps, and joint pain.

    • Hypophosphatemia Causes: Inadequate intake, malabsorption, decreased hormone levels can cause symptoms.

    • Hypophosphatemia Symptoms: Weakness, bone pain, and impaired platelet function are common symptoms.

    Associated Symptoms of Electrolyte Shifts

    • Hyperkalemia Symptoms: Peaked T waves on ECG and muscle cramps or weakness are potential symptoms.

    • Severe Hyperkalemia: Can lead to respiratory muscle paralysis and arrhythmias.

    • Neurological Manifestations of Hypophosphatemia: Severe cases may lead to confusion or seizures.

    • Cardiovascular Symptoms in Severe Hyperphosphatemia: May cause hypotension or arrhythmias.

    General Summary

    • Severe Electrolyte Imbalances: Symptoms from hyperphosphatemia, hyperkalemia, and hypophosphatemia can overlap, necessitating careful monitoring and management.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on osmosis, osmolality, and osmotic forces related to the movement of water across concentration gradients. Learn about the roles of sodium and potassium ions in maintaining osmotic balance in extracellular and intracellular fluids.

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