Diffusion

<p>Particle size</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Colloid solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sedimentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Molarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High polarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Brownian motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sedimentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Very slow</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>$\pi = iRTc$</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intracellular osmolarity sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypertonic solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The concentration of osmotically active particles in a solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dissociate into ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exchange of protons</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>7.5 - 8.0</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Buffer solutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stable pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrogencarbonate buffer system</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osmosis is the movement of solvent molecules across a semipermeable membrane to equalize the concentration of solute on both sides. An example of osmosis in biological systems is the movement of water into and out of cells to maintain the cell's internal environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osmotic pressure is represented by $π = iRTc$, where i is the number of particles formed from one molecule of solute, R is the universal gas constant, T is the thermodynamic temperature, and c is the molar concentration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cellular osmolarity is influenced by intracellular osmolarity sources, including small charged/polar inorganic ions and biopolymers, with the highest contribution coming from bound ions and molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions have osmotic pressures identical to, higher than, and lower than that of human blood plasma, respectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osmolarity is the concentration of osmotically active particles and can be calculated for solutions of electrolytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electrolytes are substances that dissociate into ions in water, leading to ionic strength and interactions that cannot be described by ion concentrations alone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chemical reactions in aqueous solutions include acid-base reactions (e.g., HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O), oxidation-reduction reactions (e.g., Fe2+ + Cu2+ → Fe3+ + Cu), precipitation reactions (e.g., AgNO3 + NaCl → AgCl + NaNO3), and complex reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acid-base reactions involve the exchange of protons, and the pH of body fluids varies, ranging from 0.9 in gastric juice to 8.0 in pancreatic juice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>pH can be calculated for acids and bases, with strong acids and bases having simplified formulas compared to weak acids and bases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Salt hydrolysis results in different pH effects based on the strength of the acid and base, and buffer solutions can prevent significant changes in pH after the addition of acids and bases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Human blood has buffer systems such as hydrogencarbonate, phosphate, and plasma proteins, which help maintain a stable pH. The hydrogencarbonate buffer system acts to regulate excess $H^+$ and $OH^-$ ions and can be calculated using the Henderson-Hasselbach equation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Molarity is the number of moles of solute in one liter of solution (mol/l, M), while molality is the number of moles of solute in one kilogram of solvent (mol/kg).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The four characteristics of water that make it an ideal solvent with respect to life are: high polarity (allowing for the solubility of salts, acids, bases, and many organic substances), high dielectric constant (facilitating the dissolution of polar solutes), relative high boiling temperature, and high heat capacity (which allows water to absorb and release large amounts of heat with minimal temperature change).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mass concentration is the mass of solute per unit of volume (e.g. g/l) and is used for substances which do not have a defined composition (e.g. proteins, nucleic acids). Weight percent (w/w) is the mass of solute per mass of solution multiplied by 100, while volume percent (v/v) is the volume of solute per volume of solution multiplied by 100.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Solutions can be categorized as analytic (particle size &lt; 1 nm, very fast particle movement, Brownian motion thermal motion, and ability to pass through all kinds of filters), colloid (particle size 1-1000 nm, very fast particle movement, Brownian motion thermal motion, and inability to pass through membrane filters), or crude (particle size &gt; 1000 nm, very slow particle movement, any diffusion thermal motion, and inability to pass through membrane filters).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The separation of erythrocytes from plasma in a gravitation field can be observed using the FW – Fahraeus–Westergren test, which involves the sedimentation of erythrocytes. Increased values might indicate inflammation or cancer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood can be categorized as an analytic solution (containing ions, nutrients, and metabolites), a colloid solution (containing proteins and lipoproteins), or a crude solution (containing erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osmotic pressure is the pressure that must be applied to a solution to prevent the inward flow of water across a semipermeable membrane. It is significant in biological systems for processes such as osmoregulation and maintenance of cell shape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In colloid solutions, the particle movement is very fast, and the filter ability is limited as these particles do not pass through membrane filters. In crude solutions, the particle movement is very slow, and the particles do not pass through membrane filters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sedimentation of erythrocytes in a gravitation field, such as observed in the FW – Fahraeus–Westergren test, can indicate conditions such as inflammation or cancer when the values are increased.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water's high polarity allows for the solubility of a wide range of substances, including salts, acids, bases, organic compounds, proteins, and nucleic acids. Its high dielectric constant and relative high boiling temperature contribute to its effectiveness as a solvent, while its high heat capacity allows it to absorb and release large amounts of heat with minimal temperature change, making it ideal for life-sustaining processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Analytic solutions have very fast particle movement and the ability to pass through all kinds of filters due to their small particle size and rapid particle motion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Molarity is the number of moles of solute in one liter of solution, and its unit of measurement is mol/l or M.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The separation of erythrocytes from plasma in a gravitation field, such as observed in the FW – Fahraeus–Westergren test, can provide diagnostic information related to conditions such as inflammation or cancer when the sedimentation values are increased.</p> Signup and view all the answers