w4 Physiology

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What is the primary cause of most orthopedic injuries?

Chemical agents

Metabolic process

Physical force (correct)

Biologic agents

Which type of trauma is classified as acute and results from large insults?

Friction injury

Microtrauma

Cyclic loading injury

Impact injury (correct)

What happens during ultrastuctural changes in orthopedic trauma?

Cell contents spill out into extracellular space (correct)

Decrease in cellular organelles

Increase in cellular membrane stability

Cells multiply rapidly

Which type of injury is caused by low-grade stress over time?

Microtrauma Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of hemodynamic changes in response to trauma?

To transport defense components of the blood to the injury site Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the release of chemical mediators at the site of injury?

Bradykinin Signup and view all the answers

Which metabolic process is activated in response to cell hypoxia?

Anaerobic metabolism (Glycolysis) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of increased permeability in small blood vessels?

To allow leucocytes to move to the injury site Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary responsibility of macrophages in the immune response?

Defending the body against foreign substances Signup and view all the answers

What occurs once leukocytes have moved outside the vascular wall?

Concentration-limited migration occurs Signup and view all the answers

What leads to cell swelling and eventual bursting?

Cell hypoxia requiring ATP energy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of platelets within a clot during the hemostasis phase of repair?

Release chemical mediators to signal healing activities Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of repair consists of events such as angiogenesis, collagen synthesis, and wound contraction?

Proliferation Signup and view all the answers

What is the main dependence of the lymphatic system for fluid movement?

External force Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of repair involves developing a membranous tissue covering over exposed tissue or organs?

Epithelialization Signup and view all the answers

What follows the hemostasis phase in the process of repair?

Macrophages scavenging cellular debris Signup and view all the answers

What promotes lymphatic drainage and hastens healing during the cellular phase of repair?

Moderate activity and manual massage Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary actor in the wound contraction process during the proliferation phase of repair?

Myofibroblast Signup and view all the answers

Why does the presence of more myofibroblasts lead to a smaller scar?

Reduced collagen needed for wound closure Signup and view all the answers

Which proteins found in myofibroblasts facilitate wound contraction?

Actin and myosin Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the collapsing of the capillary arcade during the remodeling phase of repair?

Scar becomes paler Signup and view all the answers

Why does restructuring of collagen during the remodeling phase lead to a smaller scar?

Compression of capillary arcade Signup and view all the answers

Which cell is primarily responsible for restructuring collagen in the scar during the remodeling phase?

Fibroblast Signup and view all the answers

What occurs within 2-3 minutes of initial swelling after hemorrhaging?

Clotting stops bleeding Signup and view all the answers

Which type of pathology involves the stretching/tearing of a ligament?

Sprain Signup and view all the answers

In muscle pathology, what does a Grade III tear indicate?

Complete rupture lesion with complete joint instability Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of tissue healing involves cellular, vascular, collagenization, and contraction/restructuring?

Regeneration Signup and view all the answers

What type of repair involves regeneration of injured cells by identical cells without scar formation?

Perfect reconstitution Signup and view all the answers

When does secondary union occur?

In an area with a large incision Signup and view all the answers

Which modifier is listed as aiding in tissue healing?

Proper nutrition Signup and view all the answers

What does Myositis ossificans result from?

A blow causing muscle ossification Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between Grade I and Grade II ligament sprains?

Joint instability Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of third-degree muscle strain?

Severe tissue damage, massive bleeding, severe tear to rupture Signup and view all the answers