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Questions and Answers
What were the main causes of population movements in the Horn of Africa during the 16th century?
Who were the two groups, apart from the Oromo, that began population movements earlier?
What effect did the Afars and Somalis have on the Adal sultanate?
Which location is considered the original homeland of the Oromo according to oral tradition?
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What evidence supports the claim that the Oromo are indigenous to Ethiopia and the Horn?
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Where was the political and religious center of the Oromo located historically?
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What were the main causes of the Oromo population movements in the 16th century?
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How long does each Gada grade last for in the Oromo society?
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What is the significance of the Gadaa system for the Oromo?
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What is the meaning of 'Ga' and 'Daa' in the term 'Gadaa' system?
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What group constitutes the main decision-making body in Oromo society?
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How many Gada classes are there in the Oromo society?
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Study Notes
Oromo Population Movement and Expansion
- In the 16th century, war and population movements dominated the history of the Horn of Africa.
- The Afar and Somali population movements began earlier than that of the Oromo.
- Drought, famine, and land pressure led to conflict among Argobba, Harari, Afars, and Somalis in South East Ethiopia.
- Imam Ahmed of Adal united the Afars and Somalis, leading to the occupation of territories and attack on the Christian kingdom in the 1st half of the 16th century.
- The Oromo population movement was caused by human and demographic factors, including war and disturbances in the 15th and early 16th centuries.
Original Homeland of the Oromo
- The Oromo's original homeland is disputed, with some believing it to be the southeast part of Ethiopia highlands, south-central part of Ethiopia highland, or east of the Rift Valley Lake.
- Evidences suggest that the Oromo originated from the north and moved southeastwards due to the expansion of Christians and Muslims.
- The Oromo are indigenous to Ethiopia and the Horn.
Oromo Institution and Social Organization
- The Oromo had their own political, social, and religious institution before and during their movement.
- The Oromo were organized into the Gada system for political, economic, and social purposes.
- The Gada system dates back to nearly 9,000 years ago and served as the constitution of the Oromo, administering, defending their territory, and developing their economy.
- The Gada calendar consists of 8-year periods, with 5 Gada periods representing one generation.
- The Gada Grades are the grades Oromo males passed through from birth to death, with each grade lasting 8 years.
- The sixth age-grade (41-48 years) is called Gada, where Oromo males take on political, social, military, and ritual leadership.
- The Gada class, also known as Gada parties, consist of five parties that succeed each other every 8 years in providing military, social, and ritual leadership.
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Description
Explore the history of population movements in the Horn of Africa during the 16th century, focusing on the Oromo people. Learn about the causes such as drought, famine, and land pressure that led to conflicts among various ethnic groups in the region.
