Origen y Evolución de la Universidad

Origen de la Universidad y su Evolución

• "Universitas" comes from Latin and defines a community organized for any purpose.
• Originated in Europe during the 12th century, when groups of teachers and students came together to teach and learn.
• These groups evolved into universities, which became a cornerstone of global higher education.

Contexto Político y Social en Argentina en los Años 40

• Argentina experienced industrialization during the 1940s, transforming its economic and social structure.
• World War II indirectly affected Argentina, which remained neutral.
• After the 1930 coup, governments used fraudulent elections and deepened dependence on Britain.
• Economic crisis led to customs controls, fostering domestic industry.
• Industrialization triggered significant internal and external migration.
• Workers from rural areas and neighboring countries arrived in cities, joining European immigrants to form a new social group ("criollos").

La Universidad y la Intervención Autónoma

• The 1943 coup marked a critical turning point for university autonomy.
• Several universities were intervened, restricting activities and creating tension within the academic community.
• The Universidad Nacional del Litoral exemplifies authoritarian interventions, dismissing and removing professors.

Ascenso de Juan Domingo Perón y Transformaciones Universitarias

• Juan Domingo Perón's role in labor ministry and 1945 arrest fostered worker mobilization, leading to his 1946 electoral victory.
• His administration implemented policies perceived by some as interventionist.
• Free university education (no fees and entrance exams) was offered in many disciplines.
• Conflicts arose between Perón's policies and academic communities, resulting in professor resignations.
• These measures curtailed institutional autonomy and student participation.

La Universidad Obrera Nacional y su Transformación en la UTN

• The 1943 creation of the Universidad Obrera Nacional (UON) aimed to train practical professionals in industrial fields.
• Focused on training for factory workers or graduates from technical schools; Mechanical engineering, electrical installations, textile and automotive sectors were some common specializations, granting engineers titles.
• Peron's government prioritized technology over pure science, emphasizing their roles in industrial development and causing tension among certain academics.

La Lucha Estudiantil y la Represión

• Student-government conflict escalated in the 1950s, peaking in the 1954 strike.
• Student leaders were suppressed and student centers closed down.
• Approximately 165 students, including many women, were detained.
• University students, including reformers, communists, socialists, and anarchists, organized resistance to loss of autonomy, utilizing clandestine tactics.

Desarrollo de Universidades en Argentina

• University expansion wasn't confined to Buenos Aires.
• The Universidad Nacional de Tucumán was crucial for northern Argentina's educational growth, further encouraging institutions in Jujuy, Santiago del Estero, Salta, and Catamarca.
• The goal was to decentralize access to higher education, improving educational quality in the region.
• During Perón's era, the humanism and research-oriented rectorate of Dr. Ireneo Cruz was noted.

Cambios en la Educación Superior tras 1955

• The 1955 Revolución Libertadora ushered in significant changes in the Argentinian higher education system.
• Private universities and research organizations (eg., INTA, CONICET) were founded.
• Higher education became more focused on science and technology.
• The overall Argentine university system became more institutionally structured, with added emphasis on scientific research and technology.

Resumen largo

• Argentina's political and social context during the 1940s was marked by industrialization and the aftermath of World War II.
• The impact of the 1930 coup and subsequent fraudulent elections, highlighting Argentina's vulnerability in dependence on Gran Bretaña. However, the economic crisis created an opening to stimulate its own industry.
• The Perón government's interventionist policies, despite facing opposition from different sectors (students, academics, and workers).