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Questions and Answers
What is the function of the kidneys in the urinary system?
How many kidneys are present in the human urinary system?
What is the name of the tubes that carry urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder?
What is the condition called when urine backs up the ureters and exerts pressure on the kidney tissue?
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Where are the kidneys located in the abdominal cavity?
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What is the gland located on top of each kidney?
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What is the primary function of the adipose capsule?
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What is the outermost region of the kidney?
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What is the function of the renal pelvis?
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What is the main function of the urinary system?
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What is the function of the nephrons?
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What is the function of aldosterone?
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What is the function of the renal medulla?
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What is the function of ADH?
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What is the function of the ureters?
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Where is the urinary bladder located?
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What is the function of the internal urethral sphincter?
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What is the trigone of the urinary bladder?
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How does the urine travel from the kidneys to the bladder?
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What is the function of the peristalsis in the ureters?
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What is the function of the external urethral sphincter?
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What is Bowman's capsule?
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Study Notes
Organs of the Urinary System
- Kidneys (2)
- Ureters (2)
- Urinary bladder (1)
- Urethra (1)
Kidney Location and Structure
- Attached to ureters, renal blood vessels, and nerves at renal hilus (medial indention)
- On the top of each kidney is an adrenal gland
- Located behind the peritoneum (retroperitoneal organs)
- Sit in the back of the abdomen between the levels of T12 and L3 vertebrae
- Right kidney is slightly lower than the left kidney to accommodate the liver
- Bean-shaped, about 12cm long, 6cm wide, and 3cm thick
Coverings of the Kidneys
- Adipose capsule: surrounds the kidney, provides protection, and helps keep the kidney in its correct location
- Renal capsule: surrounds each kidney
Regions of the Kidney
- Renal cortex: outer region, forms an outer shell
- Renal columns: extensions of cortex material inward
- Renal medulla: inside the cortex, contains medulla (renal) pyramids
- Renal pelvis: inner collecting tube, divides into major and minor calyces
- Calyces: cup-shaped structures enclosing the tips of the pyramids that collect and funnel urine towards the renal pelvis
Functions of the Urinary System
- Elimination of waste products
- Maintenance of blood composition, including:
- Red blood cell production
- Blood pressure
- Blood volume
- Blood pH
- Electrolyte balance
Nephrons
- The structural and functional units of the kidneys
- Over 1 million in each kidney
- Responsible for forming urine
- Consist of renal corpuscle and renal tubule
Ureters
- Slender tubes attaching the kidney to the bladder
- 10-12 inches long, ¼ inch diameter
- Superior end is continuous with the renal pelvis of the kidney
- Mucosal lining is continuous with that lining the renal pelvis and the bladder below
- Enter the posterior aspect of the bladder at a slight angle
- Runs behind the peritoneum
- Peristalsis aids gravity in urine transport from the kidneys to the bladder
- Smooth muscle layers in the ureter walls contract to propel urine
Urinary Bladder
- Smooth, collapsible, muscular sac
- Temporarily stores urine
- Located retroperitoneally in the pelvis posterior to the pubic symphysis
- Trigone: three openings, including two from the ureters and one to the urethra
- In males, the prostate gland surrounds the neck of the bladder where it empties into the urethra
Urethra
- Thin-walled tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body by peristalsis
- Release of urine is controlled by two sphincters:
- Internal urethral sphincter (involuntary) – a thickening of smooth muscle at the bladder-urethra junction
- External urethral sphincter (voluntary)
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Description
Learn about the different organs that make up the urinary system, including kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. Presented by Dr. Ali Al-najjar, a General Surgeon.
