The Urinary System PDF
Document Details
Uploaded by DurableRomanArt
University of Kirkuk
Dr. Ali Al-najjar
Tags
Summary
This document provides an overview of the human urinary system, describing the organs, their functions, and locations. The document includes diagrams and detailed explanations of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
Full Transcript
KIDNEYS, URETERS, ADRENAL Presented by Assistant professor Dr. Ali Al-najjar General Surgeon Organs of the Urina system Kidneys (2) Ureters (2) Urina bladder (1) Urethra (1) Organs of the Urina System Kidneys – excreto organs that separate waste substa...
KIDNEYS, URETERS, ADRENAL Presented by Assistant professor Dr. Ali Al-najjar General Surgeon Organs of the Urina system Kidneys (2) Ureters (2) Urina bladder (1) Urethra (1) Organs of the Urina System Kidneys – excreto organs that separate waste substances from the blood and discharge them. Ureters – a pair of thick-walled tubes that car urine from the kidney to the urina bladder. Urina bladder – a membranous sac for tempora retention of urine. Urethra – a duct through which urine is discharged and which se es as the male genital duct. Diagram of renal system Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights rese ed. Location of the Kidneys Attached to ureters, renal blood vessels, and ne es at renal hilus (medial indention) On the top of each kidney is an adrenal gland Dimensions Reddish-brown, bean shaped 12cm long, 6cm wide, 3cm thick e kidneys are located behind the peritoneum, and so are called retroperitoneal organs. ey sit in the back of the abdomen between the levels of the T12 and L3 ve ebrae. e right kidney is slightly lower than the left kidney to accommodate the liver. Both kidneys are bean- shaped and about the size of an adult st. Ptosis-kidneys drop to a lower position due to rapid fat loss, creating problems with the ureters. Ptosis can lead to hydronephrosis, a condition where urine backs up the ureters and exe s pressure on the kidney tissue. Coverings of the Kidneys Adipose capsule Surrounds the kidney Provides protection to the kidney Helps keep the kidney in its correct location against muscles of posterior trunk wall Renal capsule Surrounds each kidney Regions of the Kidney ree regions of kidneys Renal co ex – outer region, forms an outer shell Renal columns – extensions of co ex- material inward Renal medulla – inside the co ex, contains medulla (renal) pyramids Medulla pyramids – triangular regions of tissue in the medulla, appear striated Renal pelvis – inner collecting tube, divides into major and minor calyces Calyces – cup-shaped structures enclosing the tips of the pyramids that collect and funnel urine towards the renal pelvis Internal Renal Anatomy Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights rese ed. Internal Renal Anatomy 10 Functions of the Urina System Elimination of waste products ltering gallons of uid from the bloodstream eve day creating “ ltrate” “ ltrate” includes: metabolic wastes, ionic salts, toxins, drugs Maintenance of blood Red blood cell production- by producing hormone e thropoietin to stimulate RBC production in bone marrow Blood pressure (vessel size)- by producing renin which causes vasoconstriction Blood volume (water balance)- ADH released from Anterior Pituita targets the kidney to limit water loss when blood pressure decreases or changes in blood composition Blood composition (electrolyte balance)- water follows salt; aldosterone reclaims sodium to the blood Blood pH- regulates H+ ions and HCO3- ions Nnnnnnnnn mmn nnnn Nnnnnnnnn nnnn12 Nephrons e structural and functional units of the kidneys Over 1 million in each kidney Responsible for forming urine Consist of renal corpuscle and renal tubule Renal corpuscle composed of a knot of capillaries called the Glomerulus (a.k.a. Bowman’s Capsule) Renal tubule- enlarged, closed, cup-shaped end giving rise to the PCT, dLOH, aLOH, DCT, and CD. Ureters Slender tubes attaching the kidney to the bladder 10-12” long & ¼” diameter Superior end is continuous with the renal pelvis of the kidney Mucosal lining is continuous with that lining the renal pelvis and the bladder below. Enter the posterior aspect of the bladder at a slight angle Runs behind the peritoneum Peristalsis aids gravity in urine transpo from the kidneys to the bladder. Smooth muscle layers in the ureter walls contract to propel urine. ere is a valve-like fold of bladder mucosa that ap over Urina Bladder Smooth, collapsible, muscular sac Temporarily stores urine Located retroperitoneally in the pelvis posterior to the pubic symphysis. Urina Bladder Trigone – three openings Two from the ureters (ureteral ori ces) One to the urethra (internal urethral ori ce) which drains the bladder. In males, prostate gland surrounds the neck of the bladder where it empties into the urethra. Urine produced in the kidneys travels down the ureters into the urina bladder. e bladder expands like an elastic sac to hold more urine. Involunta muscle movements send signals to the ne ous system, putting the decision to urinate under conscious control. e internal urethral sphincter and the external urethral sphincter both provide muscle control for the ow of urine. e internal sphincter is involunta. e external sphincter is volunta. Urethra in-walled tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body by peristalsis Release of urine is controlled by two sphincters Internal urethral sphincter (involunta ) – a thickening of smooth muscle at the bladder- urethra jxn. keeps urethra closed when urine is not being passed. External urethral sphincter (volunta ) -- skeletal muscle that controls urine as the urethra passes Urethra Gender Di erences Length Females – 3–4 cm (1-1.5 inches) Males – 20 cm (7-8 inches) Location Females – along wall of the vagina Males – through the prostate and penis Function Females – only carries urine Males – carries urine and is a passageway for sperm cells ank You