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Questions and Answers
What are the muscarinic symptoms of organophosphate intoxication?
What are the muscarinic symptoms of organophosphate intoxication?
- Abdominal pain and diarrhea (correct)
- Seizures and coma
- Blurred vision and increased lacrimation (correct)
- Hypertension and muscular twitching
What is the primary mechanism of action of atropine in treating organophosphate intoxication?
What is the primary mechanism of action of atropine in treating organophosphate intoxication?
- Reactivation of cholinesterase
- Inhibition of acetylcholine release
- Stimulation of adrenal response
- Muscarinic antagonism (correct)
What is the function of PAM in the context of organophosphate poisoning?
What is the function of PAM in the context of organophosphate poisoning?
- It increases vascular resistance
- It reactivates cholinesterase (correct)
- It acts as a respiratory stimulant
- It enhances muscle contraction
Which of the following is a hallmark CNS effect associated with organophosphate intoxication?
Which of the following is a hallmark CNS effect associated with organophosphate intoxication?
Which symptom is specifically categorized under nicotinic effects of organophosphate intoxication?
Which symptom is specifically categorized under nicotinic effects of organophosphate intoxication?
During an experiment, what is the correct method of administering atropine for organophosphate intoxication?
During an experiment, what is the correct method of administering atropine for organophosphate intoxication?
What is one of the first observable indexes that should be monitored after administering organophosphates?
What is one of the first observable indexes that should be monitored after administering organophosphates?
What effect does PAM primarily have on the body during organophosphate detoxication?
What effect does PAM primarily have on the body during organophosphate detoxication?
Flashcards
What is the mechanism of intoxication of organophosphates?
What is the mechanism of intoxication of organophosphates?
Organophosphates are a type of chemical that inhibits the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, leading to an accumulation of acetylcholine in the synapse.
What are the symptoms of organophosphate intoxication?
What are the symptoms of organophosphate intoxication?
Organophosphate poisoning causes various symptoms due to the accumulation of acetylcholine. These include effects on muscle function, glands, and the nervous system.
What is the mechanism of action of atropine in organophosphate poisoning?
What is the mechanism of action of atropine in organophosphate poisoning?
Atropine is a muscarinic antagonist. This means it blocks the action of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors, mitigating the muscarinic effects of organophosphate poisoning. It does not affect the underlying acetylcholinesterase inhibition, but it reduces the symptoms of organophosphate poisoning.
What is the mechanism of action of Pralidoxime (PAM) in organophosphate poisoning?
What is the mechanism of action of Pralidoxime (PAM) in organophosphate poisoning?
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How do Atropine and PAM differ in their effects on organophosphate poisoning?
How do Atropine and PAM differ in their effects on organophosphate poisoning?
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What are the effects of organophosphates on the body?
What are the effects of organophosphates on the body?
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What is the most effective treatment for organophosphate poisoning?
What is the most effective treatment for organophosphate poisoning?
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Explain the relevance of DDVP in this context.
Explain the relevance of DDVP in this context.
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Study Notes
Organophosphate Intoxication and Detoxication
- Experimental Purposes:
- Document the symptoms of organophosphate intoxication.
- Evaluate the effectiveness of atropine and pralidoxime methiodide (PAM) in detoxication.
- Compare the effects of atropine and PAM.
Experimental Principle
- Investigate the mechanism and symptoms of organophosphate poisoning.
- Examine the mechanisms of action of the antidotes.
Mechanism of Organophosphate Intoxication
- Organophosphates inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE).
- ACh accumulates.
- Muscarinic and nicotinic receptors are overstimulated, causing intoxication.
- AChE normally breaks down acetylcholine (ACh), producing choline and acetic acid.
Symptoms of Organophosphate Intoxication
Muscarinic Effects
- Blurred vision, miosis (constricted pupils)
- Increased lacrimation (tear production)
- Bradycardia (slow heart rate), hypotension (low blood pressure)
- Severe respiratory distress
- Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, fecal incontinence
- Urine incontinence
Nicotinic Symptoms
- Hypertension (high blood pressure)
- Decreased muscular tension, muscular twitching
CNS Effects
- Anxiety
- Seizures
- Coma
Antidotes and Their Mechanisms
Atropine
- Muscarinic antagonist
- Relieves muscarinic symptoms (miosis, hypersalivation, fecal and urinary incontinence)
- Inhibits cardiovascular system
PAM (Pralidoxime Methiodide)
- Cholinesterase reactivator
- Regenerates inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
- Helps remove the organophosphate from the active site of AChE.
Experimental Material
- Animal: Rabbit, weighing 2-3 kg
- Instruments: Rabbit cage, syringes
- Drugs:
- 0.08% dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate (DDV)
- 0.1% atropine
- 2.5% PAM
Experimental Procedure
- Weigh the rabbit and record its normal physiological indexes (respiration, pupils, salivation, feces, urine, muscle tension, muscular twitching)
- Administer 0.08% DDV (1 ml/kg, intramuscular injection). Observe for changes in physiological indexes
- If intoxication symptoms (e.g., seizures) appear, administer atropine (1 ml/kg, intravenous injection). After symptoms resolve, administer PAM (2 ml/kg, intravenous injection).
Results and Analysis
- Data collection on rabbit physiological indexes before, after DDV administration, after atropine injection, and after PAM injection should be recorded in a table.
Questions
- Analyze the mechanism of organophosphate intoxication.
- Analyze atropine and PAM's detoxication mechanism.
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